国内外关于旅游产业集群的研究综述

国内外关于旅游产业集群的研究和实践逐渐增多,国外关于旅游产业集群的含义有三种不同的观点;而研究内容主要包括旅游产业集群的形成条件和竞争优势,集群中就业和劳动力分配,旅游产业集群中的企业网络和社会资本,旅游产业集群内企业的竞争和合作等;研究方法上注重多学科、多角度研究,实证研究和案例分析较多,但定量研究较为缺乏。国内对于旅游产业集群的研究刚刚起步,研究内容主要包括旅游产业集群的界定、形成条件和集聚机制,旅游产业集群的结构、类型和竞争优势等,着重于集群理论在旅游研究中的应用和旅游产业集群理论的构建,还未形成鲜明的学科研究特色和方法,案例研究极为缺乏;本文在分析了国内外旅游产业集群研究状况后,指出了我国未来旅游产业集群研究应重点关注旅游产业集群形成机制和演变规律、旅游产业集群的本地联系和外部联系、旅游产业集群的空间结构和布局以及政府在旅游产业集群发展和治理中的作用等方面的内容。     

不同类型产业集群发展中地方政府行为的比较研究

产业集群是当今地方政府发展本地经济的主要政策方向之一。本研究首先从理论上探讨地方政府在经济发展和产业集群中行为动机和特征,其次案例分析内生型的花都区狮岭镇皮革皮具产业集群和外生型的东莞市石龙镇电子信息产业集群发展不同阶段中地方政府的行为方式,然后对比发现两种类型产业集群中的地方政府行为方式与产业集群的形成过程和发展特征相协调,最后总结出不同类型产业集群在不同阶段地方政府行为方式的重点领域,以期为地方政府产业集群政策的制定提供参考。     

农业产业集群发展中的共同演化分析——以鄢陵县花木产业集群为例

本文基于演化经济地理学的视角,结合鄢陵县花木产业集群30多年的纵向发展演化实例,探讨了农业产业集群内部微观基础(农户、企业)、中观尺度的产业网络和宏观尺度的外部环境(制度、技术和空间)如何共同演化并决定着农业产业集群的演变。研究发现:①农业产业集群的演化与其内部基本行为主体农户与企业、产业网络、技术、制度和地域空间的演变具有协同作用、共同演化,特定的影响因素与集群网络交互作用形成了集群发展的不同阶段。②在集群发展的不同阶段,企业、网络、技术、空间和制度具有各自的特点和不同的协同演化特征,微观主体的组织创新是对宏观环境变化的适应,宏观环境变化及地域空间演变是微观变化的综合。③在培育农业产业集群的过程中,既要重视个别农户和企业的成功示范,又要重视地理邻近效应对整个产业网络、技术、惯例形成和空间再造的作用。本研究结论对于农业产业集群的管理实践和集群政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

基于社会网络分析方法的产业集群研究——以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺产业集群为例

近年来,社会网络分析方法(SNA)被引入到产业集群研究中,它从更微观层次刻画了产业集群的网络结构和网络特性,在一定程度上弥补了当前产业集群研究的缺陷。但是SNA并不是深层次的结构模型,相应的分析还要从现象洞察到其背后社会关系的深层含义。本文首先对SNA作一简单介绍,然后以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺产业集群为例,来检验这种分析方法在集群网络研究中的具体应用,并通过探究现象背后的社会关系来修正和完善这种分析方法,得出了重要结论,同时为丰富我国产业集群的研究方法提供有益参考。     

旅游产业集群的生态位策略研究

生态位概念最早源于生态学,近年来其在社会与经济学科领域的应用越来越广泛,也为研究旅游产业集群的竞争策略提供了一个新思路。利用生态位理论研究如何使我国旅游产业集群选择正确的生态位策略,明确其核心竞争力,摆脱发展困境具有重要的现实意义。本研究首先对生态位的相关研究进行了综述,认为产业集群生态位是其在区域生态系统中利用自身条件占有区域资源的空间;并结合旅游产业集群的特点,提出了旅游产业集群生态位的概念和特点。旅游产业集群的生态位包括旅游资源生态位、集群管理生态位、集群环境生态位三个方面,其中旅游资源生态位是旅游产业集群生态位的基础,集群管理生态位是旅游产业集群生态位发展的动力,集群环境生态位是旅游产业集群生态位发展的支撑条件。然后分析了旅游产业集群生态位的变迁特征,提出旅游产业集群生态位并不是一成不变的,旅游资源本身的条件、集群管理状况、区域社会条件、其他集群的竞争等都会导致旅游产业集群生态位的扩充或压缩。最后针对我国旅游产业集群的发展,基于生态位理论提出生态位的泛化、特化与优化三种策略。     

国内旅游产业集群研究的争议评述

目前国内外关于制造业产业集群的研究成果十分丰富,但旅游产业集群的理论研究才刚刚起步,研究视角和方法基本沿用制造业集群的方法,没有专门论述旅游产业集群的特点.国内学者在旅游产业集群的研究中出现了"旅游产业是否适合用产业集群来研究"的讨论.本文在综合评述了各方观点后,认为产业集群理论是一种指导区域提升竞争力、促进创新的理论方法,可以应用于区域旅游业的研究,但是对旅游产业集群的研究必须站在旅游目的地发展的角度,跳出单一旅游产业链的束缚,深入探讨旅游业的自身特征,才能更好的把握旅游产业集群形成和发展的途径.     

农区产业集群、网络与中部崛起

我国中部六省地区由于多种原因在全国区域经济格局中已经成为了"经济增长速度的相对塌陷地区",实施"中部崛起"战略是学术界、中央和地方政府达成的共识。本文在分析中部地区存在问题的基础上提出,实施产业集群战略、创建本地企业网络是实现中部崛起的有效途径。发展农区产业集群可以提高集群企业和区域产业的竞争力,推动农村工业化和城镇化进程,促进县域经济的发展。而企业之间的网络联系是产业集群的本质特征,培育产业集群必须从创建企业网络入手。最后,本文对如何在中部农区培育产业集群、创建企业网络作了探讨。     

珠海旅游产业集群的案例研究

在对旅游产业集群理论简要综述的基础上,文章以珠海市为案例,实地调研和深入访谈分析珠海旅游产业集群各要素之间的关系,并构建了珠海旅游产业集群的构成要素示意图,最后利用"钻石模型"评估珠海旅游集群的发展现状。文章充实了国内关于旅游产业集群的实证研究,指出珠海旅游产业集群已经初步形成,并且是一种政府主导型发展模式,但集群要素间进一步的知识和信息联系较少,创新性不足,珠海旅游产业集群属于低端集群,其进一步的完善和升级还需要继续发挥政府的支持和推动作用。     

济南高新技术开发区产业集群及其核心竞争力分析

济南高新技术开发区作为国家高新技术产业开发区之一,对山东经济发展起着重要作用。文章对济南高新技术产业区不同产权形式和不同行业类型企业的地位和贡献进行分析,并运用聚类分析方法开展了不同企业的绩效评价,为济南高新技术产业区产业集聚和核心竞争力的培育提供科学依据。同时,探讨了济南市高新技术产业开发区产业集群的形成、核心竞争能力培育的路径,提出了塑造具有创新与服务能力的企业家型政府、创建高新技术产业开发区集群支持网络、培养济南市高新技术产业开发区合作网络、凸显济南市高新技术产业开发区资源特色等战略对策。     

产业集群与城镇化互动关系研究

以克鲁格曼为首的新经济地理学派的空间发展论断,间接奠定了"产城互促,产城融合"的思想基础。产业集群作为一种具有地缘特征的产业组织形式,具有规模经济、范围经济以及强大的溢出效应,是城镇化的前提和基础。城镇化为产业集群发展提供了空间地理载体,是产业集群发展的有力支撑。基于国内外学者对产业集群与城镇化之间互相促进、协同发展的基本共识,通过对产业集群与城镇化互动关系现有研究文献的回顾分析,得到3点启示:未来产业集群和城镇化互动关系的研究应突破宏观走向微观;构建一套区域尺度的理想逻辑框架;将研究重心转移至现代服务业产业集群与新型城镇化的互动关系。     

BEYOND THE GPN–NEW REGIONALISM DIVIDE IN CHINA: RESTRUCTURING THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY,REMAKING THE WENZHOU MODEL

This article attempts to advance the research on industrial districts and regional development through a study of the restructuring of the clothing industry in Wenzhou Municipality, a regional driver of the Chinese economy. Wenzhou is known for the Wenzhou model of development traditionally centred on family‐owned small businesses embedded in local institutions. The clothing industry is one of the leading industries in Wenzhou, and a cluster with national significance has emerged, where most of the production components can be purchased locally. However, the industry has been scaled up nationally and internationally, with the expansion of sales networks and production facilities across China, and to a lesser extent, abroad. This restructuring has changed the endogenous nature of industrial clusters/districts. The restructuring challenges the orthodox notion of the Wenzhou model and the New Regionalism literature, particularly the orthodox notion of Marshallian industrial districts that overly emphasizes small firms and local assets, and the global production network perspective that highlights coupling with global lead firms in regional development.     

Governmentality,Diaspora Assemblages and the Ongoing Challenge of “Development”

Abstract: Drawing on governmentality debates, I argue that skilled members of the Jamaican diaspora are becoming important actors in an ongoing development strategy to extend the rationality of the market into everyday social relations and institutions. Diaspora members are imagined by states and development institutions to be ideal development partners because of their access to potentially lucrative business, knowledge and capital networks, and their desire to direct them towards socially transformative ends. But, as I shall demonstrate, efforts to incorporate skilled émigrés into national development plans raise important questions about the entanglements between diaspora strategies, state power and enduring local patterns of uneven development. Rather than a space of social transformation, diaspora can also function as a space of stasis that reproduces rather than transforms such patterns. By examining Jamaica's emerging diaspora strategy, I examine not only the governmental role that diaspora groups are increasingly beginning to play, but also their potential to support or disrupt the class, gender and racial asymmetries that have historically governed flows of wealth, opportunity and power across the island.     

Gunnar Karlsson,Iceland's 1100 Years: The History of a Marginal Society, (London: Hurst, 2001). 418 pp. ISBN 1-85065-420-4.

This paper explores the role of personal networks and social capital in the assimilation of individuals into the elite of 18th‐century England. In it, I draw on the letterbooks of two merchants from north‐west England to assess the ways in which individuals accessed established networks and thus augmented their social status and business opportunities. In particular, I examine how networks were articulated, and consider their impact on both the social standing of the individual merchant and the construction of a shared culture amongst merchants. It is therefore possible to see business networking as an important counterpart to polite sociability in the construction of an expanded elite.     

China's Shoe Manufacturing and the Wenzhou Model: Perspectives on the World's Leading Producer and Exporter of Footwear

A U.S.-based geographer and specialist on China advances his research on industrial districts and regional development by presenting a 2008 study of shoe manufacturing in Wenzhou (a major center in the world's largest footwear producing and exporting country). More specifically, the author examines how the model of economic development pioneered in Wenzhou (the Wenzhou model) has been transformed in an effort to meet the challenges posed by the global economy. He argues that the scaling up of Wenzhou's footwear industry, through the expansion of sales networks and factories across China and abroad, indicates that other adaptable city regions can overcome similar obstacles. The author challenges both the New Regionalism literature focused on local institutions and assets, as well as perspectives that overemphasize the benefits of globalization and global production networks. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O100, O140, O180. 2 figures, 3 tables, 60 references.     

The Location and Concentration of Businesses in Britain: Business Clusters, Business Services, Market Coverage and Local Economic Development

An important debate has recently developed around the significance of business clusters for the development of the economy. This paper assesses the extent to which concentrated clusters of businesses exist in Britain, using the fine spatial mesh of postcode districts. It identifies the major clusters using a development of the methodology to define local labour market areas. The paper demonstrates the high degree of localization and uneven development of businesses in Britain. It also shows that business service firms are even more highly localized and clustered than other businesses. Moreover, the larger the business centre, the more localized and clustered the firms. The pattern suggests that there is a strong influence of increasing returns of scale, and that, as well as local clusters, much of the British economy is covered by one metacluster. Implications from these results are drawn for the likely future development of the economy, the location of business service suppliers in order to develop their market coverage, and local economic development policy.     

新加坡中华总商会与亚洲华商网络的制度化

新加坡中华总商会在亚洲华商网络的制度化中有重要的作用 ,从总商会的纵向联系和横向交往看 ,它是联接东南亚和东亚华商网络的关键性枢纽。这一组织在建构海外华人社会与商业网络过程中不断地发展 ,逐渐成熟的制度化的华商网络对 2 0世纪海外华人社会及其与中国的互动关系有着深刻的影响 ;与此同时 ,它也成为本土化、区域化和全球化进程中的不可或缺的环节     

Global Networks of the Motion Picture Industry in Los Angeles/Hollywood using the Example of their Connections to the German Market

The motion picture industry is one pillar of the so-called “cultural industries” which are highly concentrated in large urban agglomerations. Personal connections to the various informal networks found in these locations play an important role in facilitating information flows and reproduces these clusters' competitive advantage. However, the clusters and their markets do not exist in a vacuum: creative content, capital and creative talent are also traded and connected in global networks, bridging the physical gaps between these creative clusters. Against this background, this paper addresses the issue of how network relations beyond cluster boundaries and across large spatial, social and cultural distances are coordinated in a branch of the cultural industry such as motion picture production.     

CREATIVE CLUSTERS IN BERLIN: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE QUALITY OF PLACE IN PRENZLAUER BERG AND KREUZBERG

Urban creative clusters are currently a major focus of attention, as their prominent position in both local political and academic circles makes evident. Many authors stress the importance of spatial concentration for creative industries. However, only a few studies have focused on the individual entrepreneur. As a result, empirical evidence of the meaning of urban place as a site for social networks and a space for inspiration is still scarce. This is of some consequence as entrepreneurs provide a crucial link between creative activities and economic change and development. This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating how different creative entrepreneurs choose and evaluate their location. Using qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs in two creative clusters in the Berlin neighbourhoods Prenzlauer Berg and Kreuzberg, this article shows the significance of the look and feel of specific places and explains how and for whom local networks are important.     

温州大都市区形成机制及其空间结构研究

大都市区是发达的城市化区域,它包括城市核心区和与之在经济、社会、文化上有紧密联系的地区。21世纪到来之际,大都市区发生了巨大的变化。大都市区,无论是走向繁荣还是衰退,都面临着经济发展、基础设施建设、环境保护、社会平等发展战略问题。本文以温州为例,在对区域经济发展水平差异和客流、物流分析的基础上,界定了温州大都市区范围;通过对温州大都市区的研究认为,宏观政策机制、市场机制、工业化模式、温州人精神和温州社会网络是温州大都市区形成的重要动力源泉;最后,作者以上述研究为依据,提出了近期和远期温州大都市区空间结构设想。