《修文殿御览》编纂考

《修文殿御览》是学术界最为关注的类书文献之一,加之敦煌遗书中有其残卷,故研究成果较多,但对于《修文殿御览》编纂情况的梳理却仍感欠缺,故本文在前辈学者研究的基础上,对《修文殿御览》的编纂背景、编纂过程、编纂者以及流传、辑佚等情况做了较为全面的梳理,旨在展现《修文殿御览》在传世文献中的流传情况,并为敦煌本《修文殿御览》的整体研究作铺垫。     

晚清湖北修志新、旧派争论——以两版光绪《麻城县志》的编纂差异为例

章学诚方志学理论及其纂修《湖北通志》的实践对清中期以来湖北方志编纂产生了重要影响。伴随新思想传入,晚清时期方志编纂发生诸多变化,这些变化通常被视为近代方志转型的前奏。在该背景下,清末围绕着《湖北通志》的纂修问题出现了主新派和主旧派的争论。通志纂修以县志编纂为基础,通志纂修的争论往往在县志编纂中有集中的表现。光绪二年(1876)和光绪八年两版《麻城县志》在编纂理念、编排方式和部分内容上的差异可以视为是这一时期相关变化、争论和分歧的缩影。通过对两版县志编纂差异的考察,将有助于我们理解清末方志编纂者如何对新、旧派理论进行调和,亦可以为我们分析晚清民国时期方志学转型问题提供案例和线索。     

《通商约章类纂》考论

《通商约章类纂》是1886年编纂而成的晚清约章成案集。该书的编纂过程颇费周折,在流传过程中又出现了不同的版本和书名,编纂者也有不同的说法。考诸史实,该书的编纂和刊印是多人合作努力的结果。1886年以后出现的多个版本都来自天津官书局版的《通商约章类纂》。该书在体例和内容上体现了自身的特点。它不仅有助于晚清时期办理外交,而且对晚清、民国时期编纂约章集和学术研究都产生了重要影响。     

神和乃礭：利玛窦世界地图的在华传播及其本土化

在西学东渐史上,利玛窦是一个标志性的人物。他不仅在中国用汉语编写《天主实义》和《交友论》,阐释基督教神学和伦理思想,提出对儒佛的独到分析;与徐光启合译《几何原本》前六卷;并多次译绘汉文世界地图,为中国乃至东亚世界首次完整地展示了世界的面貌。该图见之于明确文字记载的自刻、他人翻刻和摹绘版本多达十余种。笔者根据利玛窦世界地图刊刻和传播的实况,将其版本分为《大瀛全图》与《山海舆地图》、《坤舆万国全图》、《两仪玄览图》三个系列和木刻本、彩绘绢本两种形式;并就“地圆说”与地球知识、“五大州”与“万国”的概念、西方人文地理知识点的介绍及其与中国文化的对话等诸多方面,讨论了利氏世界地图中所传送的新知识、新方法和新词汇,指出该图是明清士人理解整个世界的一个重要的窗口。论文还通过熊明遇的《格致草》、熊人霖的《地纬》、王在晋的《海防纂要》以及晚清的《海国图志》和《瀛寰志略》等,分析了利氏世界地图在晚明至晚清二度本土化的过程,指出该地图在晚清西学知识重建过程中所产生的意义。     

神和乃囮:利玛窦世界地图的在华传播及其本土化

在西学东渐史上,利玛窦是一个标志性的人物。他不仅在中国用汉语编写《天主实义》和《交友论》,阐释基督教神学和伦理思想,提出对儒佛的独到分析;与徐光启合译《几何原本》前六卷;并多次译绘汉文世界地图,为中国乃至东亚世界首次完整地展示了世界的面貌。该图见之于明确文字记载的自刻、他人翻刻和摹绘版本多达十余种。笔者根据利玛窦世界地图刊刻和传播的实况,将其版本分为《大瀛全图》与《山海舆地图》、《坤舆万国全图》、《两仪玄览图》三个系列和木刻本、彩绘绢本两种形式;并就"地圆说"与地球知识、"五大州"与"万国"的概念、西方人文地理知识点的介绍及其与中国文化的对话等诸多方面,讨论了利氏世界地图中所传送的新知识、新方法和新词汇,指出该图是明清士人理解整个世界的一个重要的窗口。论文还通过熊明遇的《格致草》、熊人霖的《地纬》、王在晋的《海防纂要》以及晚清的《海国图志》和《瀛寰志略》等,分析了利氏世界地图在晚明至晚清二度本土化的过程,指出该地图在晚清西学知识重建过程中所产生的意义。     

贵州省博物馆《百苗图》乙本及其同版印本

文章通过对图像风格及其细节的比较与分析,认为贵博乙本百苗图、贵师大本以及多伦多大学图书馆藏本等几个《百苗图》图本,属于晚清或明国初年坊间生产的同版彩色套印本。该本的图绘和体例与《皇清职贡图》存在密切关联,但其图像更多来自一些《百苗图》绘本。在摹绘过程中,存在不少移花接木的现象,致使该本讹误颇多,降低了这些图像的资料价值。而以此作为蓝本的摹本往往没有校正其中的错误,有些反而以讹传讹。在将这些图像作为民族风俗资料加以使用的过程中,我们一定要根据情况加以谨慎判断。     

《武林灵隐寺志》编纂考论

灵隐寺不仅是杭州市和浙江省最著名佛教寺院之一,而且是我国佛教禅宗著名的寺院。《武林灵隐寺志》的编纂随着晚明佛教复兴应时而作,既顺应当时佛教发展的大背景,又适应灵隐寺发展而希冀昭垂不朽的内在需求。该志的编纂过程先后有白珩《白志》、孙治《孙志》、徐增《徐志》和应该有所增补的初次刊刻等;编纂卷数为八卷,内容分量不一。编纂特点有：内容明确,记载集中;体例沿袭,略有创新;收罗宏富,内外皆备;古今贯通,注重当代等。作为一部现存最早的专门详细记载灵隐寺一千多年沧桑变迁的历史文献,该志既有典型性又有特殊性,在中国佛教方志编纂史、明清佛教史上具有重要的地位和影响。     

宣鼎和他的《粉铎图咏》

扬州博物馆收藏有一本晚清画家宣鼎的诗画册页《三十六声粉铎图咏》,所绘为清代后期36出昆剧(包括时剧)丑脚戏,每戏一图,每图一诗,每页纵19、横35厘米,皆为左画右诗。内容分别为:《山     

清代《普庆升平图》卷研究——与《天津天后宫行会图》比较之视角

《普庆升平图》是表现北京香会的画作,由晚清宫廷画师张恺、王继明、张启明与屈兆麟集体创作,现藏故宫博物院。本文通过对比《普庆升平图》与《天津天后宫行会图》,分析了《普庆升平图》的画面内容,并讨论了北京香会与天津皇会的异同。此外,作品的宫廷绘画背景,揭示了晚清时期民间香会虽不被官府与士大夫认可,却与宫廷存在密切联系。     

《新疆通志·农业志》玉米节

第二节 玉米 一、生产 玉米(包谷)是新疆主要粮食作物之一,引进种植虽晚,发展较快。清乾隆37年(1772)成书的《新疆回部志》“五谷”中列作物8种,尚无玉米。清道光26年(1846)钟方编《哈密志·食货志六》中,始见玉米。清光绪年间修的《新疆乡土志》和宣统3年(1911)王树枬编纂《新疆图志》记载拜城、温宿、轮台、若羌、     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.