由制造工艺区分玉器新老

正玉器是中华民族艺术上的瑰宝,几千年来一直备受国人的追捧。由于玉器数量的稀少和价值的高昂,玉器作伪也是一个很常见的现象。近些年随着科技的发展,制作玉器的工具和工艺技术有了天翻地覆的变化,这些新的工具和工艺往往因具有较高的加工效率而被作伪者广泛采用。所以认识老工和新工的工艺特点和效果差别很有必要。     

薛家岗玉器加工工艺的微痕迹初探

为探讨薛家岗文化玉器的制作工艺,采用体视显微镜进行微痕观察,并通过X-射线衍射分析、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等分析仪器的物相测试,对安徽省文物考古研究所和安徽省博物馆所藏的127件薛家岗玉器的表面加工微痕迹进行研究分析。结果显示：薛家岗玉器大多光素无纹;玉料主要以闪石玉为主,结构普遍较粗;开料以线切割技术为主,片切割技术为辅;钻孔主要为两面对钻,工具有实心钻和空心管钻,孔壁常留有螺旋钻痕和对钻台痕;玉器整体经过打磨抛光工序;出现了破裂玉器的接合修复技术;薛家岗文化晚期出现了镂空技法、减地浅浮雕技法以及阴线刻技法,体现了玉器制作工艺的明显进步。     

中国史前玉器概述

在世界玉器工艺闻名的地区,从来没有一个国家的玉器能象中国的玉器那样自遥远的原始时代一直流传到今天.玉器对于中国人来说,具有一种特殊意义,它不仅可作为实用的装饰品、工具,同时在宗教、礼仪等场合都扮演着重要的角色。因此可以说玉器与中国人的生尖息息相通。     

乾隆宫廷制玉新工具“秦中钢片”考——兼论凿錾技术与清宫大型玉器制作的关系

清代大型玉器的雕制工艺和技术一直为学界所关注,尤其是凿錾制玉技术在宫廷中的运用问题,以往的研究虽偶尔提及,但几乎无人进行深入探讨。本文依据清宫档案资料,以乾隆皇帝所谓"秦中所产钢片"为切入点,基本上理清了在清代宫廷大型玉器雕刻过程中火镰片这种新工具的属性和使用情况,以及与之密切相关的凿錾制玉技术的发展脉络,在一定程度上破解了清代大型玉器制作的工具和工艺技法等悬而未决的学术难题。     

山东史前玉器及相关问题探讨

本文主要利用大量田野考古资料,就山东地区史前时期出土的玉器以及相关问题进行分析探讨。将玉器分为饰品类、礼器类和象征性工具或武器类三种,并将其与周边地区玉器作了对比研究,得出玉器是迈向文明时代一种特殊指示物的结论。     

江苏句容丁沙地遗址第二次发掘简报

丁沙地遗址地处句容市西北,1998年进行了抢救性发掘,发掘面积约350平方米,出土陶器10余件、玉器(料)78件、各类玉器加工工具数百件及大量陶片。其中玉器均为半成品,有的尚保留线切割痕迹。玉料包括玉璞和加工后的残剩料。玉器加工工具有阴线雕刻工具、片切割工具和打磨工具。此遗址应为一处以玉器加工为主,并制作少量石器的玉石加工作坊。     

“妇好墓”玉器材料探源

古代玉器是历史文物的一个重要门类,研究古代玉器对于了解新石器时代、青铜时代以来的社会面貌有不可忽视的意义。夏鼐先生曾指出:“全世界有三个地方以玉器工艺闻名,即中国、中美洲(墨西哥)和新西兰,其中以中国的最为源远流长”。从目前资料来看,新石器时代早期阶段,如浙江河姆渡遗址就有为数不多的小型玉器装饰品出现;大汶口晚期已能制作较精致的玉铲、环、笄以及人面饰等玉器;龙山文化和略晚时期除有小型装饰玉制品出现外,还能制作玉石礼器;到了商代,制玉工艺已成为独立的手工业部门,同时青铜工具在制玉工艺中的应     

鹿邑太清宫长子口墓出土玉器的材料属性与制作工艺研究

为了解河南鹿邑太清宫长子口墓出土的部分典型玉器的材料属性与制作工艺,用多种无损科技分析技术对其进行了现场分析,获取了玉器材质矿物组成、纹饰微观形貌、穿孔孔径及内部微痕特征、表面琢磨微痕等综合物理化学信息。基于科技分析结果,确定了玉器的材质属性以及玉器表面纹饰、钻孔、琢磨等制作工艺相关信息。结合考古学背景资料信息,探讨了长子口墓地出土玉器在材质、器形、功能与工艺之间存在的关系。     

神木新华遗址出土玉器的几个问题

1999年新华遗址发现了一座玉器坑K1 ,出土了 32件精美玉器。本文以新华玉器坑K1性质、玉质及工艺等相关问题探讨为出发点 ,从考古学角度对玉器所属的考古学文化性质、特征及分布地域分别加以讨论 ,进而将包括石峁玉器在内的陕北地区所谓龙山时代晚期玉器较为可靠地确认为夏代玉器范畴。     

殷墟晚商玉器切割技术试析

本文主要介绍了殷墟妇好墓玉器切割技术的研究情况。殷墟晚商时期玉器开料以锯片切割技术为主。二次加工中,存在一类携带解玉砂的、硬度和韧度都较高的线状工具,被用于镂雕等工艺。另外,解玉砂技术在殷墟晚商时期可能已产生变革。     

从真山出土玉器谈吴国的琢玉工艺

苏州真山大墓出土了一批春秋时期的玉器,系采用多种琢玉技法所形成,显示了２０００多年前吴国工匠高超的琢玉水平。     

西汉早期出土金缕和丝缕玉衣部分玉料材质及其加工工艺特征管窥

广州西汉南越王墓和徐州狮子山汉墓是我国汉代最重要和出土玉器数量最多的两个王侯级墓地,两墓出土的丝缕和金缕玉衣是当时南方和中原汉王朝最重要的墓葬玉器之一。通过上手观察、显微镜拍照并利用环境扫描电镜和漫反射红外光谱、拉曼光谱技术对广州南越王墓及徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣部分玉片的质材和加工工艺进行了观察测试和对比分析。结果显示,两地玉衣的玉料均主要为透闪石质,从现存玉衣颜色及玉质结构上看,徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣玉料来源单一且玉质明显好于南越王墓,南越王墓玉料具有多来源的特征,玉衣中的“假玉”可能来自粤西。从南越王墓玉衣片部分切割痕迹判断,南越王墓所使用的切割工具可能接近当时的最高水平,也可能存在中原交换来源的玉材,无法排除南越王墓玉衣全部或部分在当地制作的可能;南越王墓和徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣加工工艺特征明显不同,显示两地玉衣系由不同 “玉作”体系加工完成,汉代可能存在多个不同的玉作体系,工艺水平参差不齐。     

Starch grain analysis for groundstone tools from Neolithic Baiyinchanghan site: implications for their function in Northeast China

Large numbers of groundstone tools have been uncovered from archaeological sites in the Early Neolithic period in China. Traditionally they are often regarded as agricultural tools for processing cereals. In this paper we report preliminary starch grain analysis of groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site to gain a better understanding of use of these tools in the Northeast China. We found that starch grains on these groundstone tools are most likely from Quercus sp. The result of this study indicates that many groundstone tools for the Early Neolithic period were used to process wild and domesticated plants alike.     

石寨山文化农业述略

以考古发现及既有研究成果为基础,可对战国秦汉时期滇池区域石寨山文化农业面貌进行讨论。石寨山文化有完整的农业技术体系。该文化居民有一套完整的以锄、铲、镰、斧等为代表生产工具体,且工具种类的使用具有倾向性,牛耕还尚未运用到农业生产中,稻、麦、粟复种的作物结构已形成,掌握一定的灌溉以及粮食储存技术,并且还可能有一套较为完整的农业仪式。     

Salt mining tools and techniques from Duzdaği (Nakhchivan,Azerbaijan) in the 5th to 3rd millennium B.C.

The emergence of mining reflects profound changes in the organization of late prehistoric societies. In terms of lithic and ore mining, salt is a highly strategic mineral resource which was exploited for its dietary and healing properties. The exceptional prehistoric salt mine of Duzda?i (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan) is located in a high salt-bearing region centered on the Aras River in the Lesser Caucasus. Field survey, spatial recording of archaeological materials and use-wear analysis of macrolithic tools have allowed us to outline the mining operations and techniques there from the Chalcolithic period onwards. We have identified workshops for the manufacture and repair of tools, as well as salt extraction and processing areas.     

I palapala no ia aina – documenting the Hawaiian Kingdom: a colonial venture?

Scholars have suggested that Western surveys and maps were tools used to aid colonizers in the dispossession of native people from their lands. While this was often the case, many surveys conducted and maps produced for the Kingdom of Hawai‘i during the nineteenth century were done by native Hawaiians, with native informants and based largely on traditional palena, or land boundaries. In the midst of considerable socio-political and cultural upheaval, the mapping of the lands of Hawai‘i during this period was largely due to the agency of the Ali‘i (chiefs) and other Hawaiian nationals. It is argued that these adaptations of Western techniques were intentional and strategic attempts to aid in the development of the Hawaiian State and secure national lands. In addition, the surveys conducted and maps produced during these years effectively preserved a considerable body of indigenous knowledge of place.     

战国时期农业生产工具进步之考评

本运用先秦献记载与考古物对照辨析的方法,较详细评论战国时期铁制农业生产工具在质地上、种类上明显的时代性进步,并认为这一进步不仅直接为当时精耕细作的农业生产提供了有效的保障,而且对后世农具变革也产生了极为深远的影响,在中国古代经济史上占有极其重要的地位。     

The Chinese Upper Paleolithic: Geography, Chronology, and Techno-typology

This article reviews the archaeology and chronology of the Chinese Upper Paleolithic and the human fossils attributed to this period. The onset of the Upper Paleolithic in China dates to ca. 35,000–30,000 years ago and is marked by the appearance of a few body decorations and well-shaped bone tools that were added to stone tool assemblages, including core-and-flake tools in North China and cobble tools in South China. The proliferation of blade assemblages in northwest China is interpreted as the cultural impact or the physical presence of bearers of blade industries from western Eurasia. The ensuing appearance of microblade assemblages in North China by 23,000–22,000 years ago reflects the use of local siliceous crystalline nodules by a population that recognized the advantages of this raw material. At that time in South China, prehistoric artisans continued to shape their stone objects from the available flat river cobbles. During the later part of the Chinese Upper Paleolithic (ca. 21,000–10,000 BP), foragers also made bone tools, antler objects, pottery, and shell tools, which laid the technological foundations for the early Neolithic period. One difficulty in this research is that human fossils are rare. Few are well dated and morphological, cultural, and biological interpretations are hotly debated. Our review attempts to facilitate the understanding of a poorly known period in Chinese archaeology and its place in human cultural evolution.     

商周时期南北方铜矿开采技术比较研究--以鄂赣交界地带和辽西地区为例

本文选取了鄂赣交界地带和辽西地区的4座晚商至西周早中期的古铜矿遗址,分别从探矿技术、开采技术、开采工具、相关配套设施和选矿技术等方面对南北两区域古铜矿的开采技术进行全面比较,并试图从两地的自然环境、矿物品质以及生产组织方式等不同方面来解释出现这种差异的原因。