The Double Legacy of Bernalism in Science Diplomacy

Recent debates in the history of science aimed at reconstructing the history of scientific diplomacy have privileged the analysis of forms of diplomacy coming from above. Instead, the objective of this paper is to raise awareness of these debates by looking at attempts at scientific diplomacy from below. Such a shift in perspective might allow us to observe the impact of marginalized social agents on the construction of international diplomatic choices. This article particularly focuses attention on how the legacy of Bernalism has fostered the emergence of two different types of science diplomacy. On the one hand, Bernalism has influenced the goals of organizations such as UNESCO and the World Peace Council, which are forms of science diplomacy I would term from above. On the other hand, Bernalism has also been at the origin of radical scientific movements that I propose to interpret as forms of scientific diplomacy from below. These have, in fact, played a cardinal role not only in raising public awareness of the social and political roles of science, but also in the more direct participation of scientists in defining the political objectives of their research activity. From this point of view, I analyze how an association like the World Federation of Scientific Workers proposed (at least in the beginning) greater democratic participation than the top-down structures of other forms of scientific internationalism.     

The Double Movement of Immovable Property Rights in Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of many countries around the world where the relationship between customary land tenure and economic development has been hotly debated for a long time. A commonplace of the debate in PNG is that 97% of the nation's land is held under customary tenure, while only 3% has been alienated, and these proportions have not changed since the country became independent in 1975. This paper shows that the boundary between customary and alienated forms of land or immovable property was already showing signs of instability in the late colonial period, and this instability has been greatly magnified in the post-colonial period. The areas of land subject to some form of partial alienation have increased along with the ways and means by which immovable property has been ‘mobilised’, while a variety of customary claims to previously alienated areas have grown stronger over the same period. Although Karl Polanyi's idea of a ‘double movement’ can throw some light on this phenomenon, the PNG case also reveals a new side to the application of this concept.     

Double structure of ionospheric conductivity in the midnight auroral oval during a substorm

Measurements of precipitating particles on board DMSP F7 spacecraft are used to analyze the distribution of ionospheric conductance in the midnight auroral zone during substorms. The distribution is compared with the meridional profile of ionospheric currents calculated from magnetic data from the Kara meridional chain. Two regions of high Hall conductance are found; one of them is the traditional auroral zone, at latitudes 64–68°, and the other is a narrow band at latitudes 70–73°. The position of high conductance zones is in agreement with the location of the intense westward currents. The accelerated particle population is typical of electrons E_e > 5 keV in the high conductance region.     

发展繁荣社会主义文化的成功之路--"双百"方针、"二为"方向述论

从毛泽东到邓小平,从1956年提出"百花齐放,百家争鸣"的方针到1980年提出"文艺为人民服务,为社会主义服务"的方向,他们把马克思主义与中国革命和建设的实践相结合,制定了一套完整的社会主义文艺的总方针、总政策.在贯彻实施过程中,又根据实际情况提出"古为今用,洋为中用"等具体方针、政策、要求、办法,为中国探索出了一条发展繁荣社会主义文化的成功之路.     

The Double Life of Development: Empowerment,USAID and the Maoist Uprising in Nepal

The geographies of developmental empowerment and subaltern rebellion have unexpectedly overlapped and expanded rapidly in recent years, especially in peasant societies in the global South. By examining the relationship between the long history of development programmes and the emergence of the Maoist revolution in Nepal in the 1990s, this article demonstrates how developmental ideas, particularly the notion of empowerment, can be articulated politically. The author argues that development has a double life in which development subjectivities are reproduced through the simultaneous processes of enrolment and othering, generating the conditions of subordination for development's own reproduction. Development can generate the possibility of rebellion by creating negative consciousness of the process of othering. This article contributes to the growing literature on rebellion and development by showing how development, while striving for hegemony, continuously produces fissures in geographically specific ways that can become portals for the emergence of rebellious possibilities.     

Double Displacement: Western Women's Return Home from Japanese Internment in the Second World War

This article examines the homecoming of Western women from Japanese internment camps at the end of the Second World War. It focuses on British women returning to the United Kingdom, but makes reference to women from other Allied nations such as the United States, Australia and the Netherlands. The paper argues that interned women posed contradictions to gendered understandings of wartime experience and that homecoming further exacerbated this ambiguity. Return from imprisonment exposed the dual meaning of home as the natural realm for women and a national space. Women internees had been away from both and were subjected to control by non‐white men; responses to their liberation reflected these tensions. Homecoming prompted questions about released women's femininity and sexual integrity, but they faced even more difficulty having their war experiences recognised as part of a national story about war.     

Rethinking the Double Movement: Expanding the Frontiers of Polanyian Analysis in the Global South

Over the last two decades a rich and diverse body of literature has emerged which uses the ‘double movement’ to analyse social, political and economic change in the global South. The main aims of this article are to expand the boundaries of this scholarship and improve our understanding of how to use the concept to analyse capitalist development in the region. It seeks to achieve this by explaining and extending the original formulation of the double movement, creating a dialogue between scholars who follow alternative readings of the concept, and proposing a revised formulation which builds on the existing literature while moving in new directions. The article concludes by signposting potentially fruitful areas of Polanyian analysis.     

A Double Bone Comb from Karamattepe,The Nif Mountain Excavation

A miniature double bone comb was found in the excavations at Karamattepe in 2009 in the context of the Nif (Olympos) Mountain Research and Excavation Project. A new interpretation of its function is proposed here in light of both its find context in the residential area of the site and its socket for a handle, a feature not found on other comparable examples. This paper presents new suggestions about the purpose and date of this and other such combs.     

马克思历史理论的双重内涵及其文化学意义

马克思是在双重的涵义上阐述其历史理论的 :在形而上的层面 ,他把人类历史的发展划分为人与人相互依赖、人与物相互依赖和人的自由自觉的存在三个阶段 ;在现实的层面 ,他强调对人类社会发展的具体分析 ,区分了东西方两种不同的发展道路。这两个方面是统一的 ,其中起核心作用的是人自身发展的三阶段理论。马克思对人自身发展阶段的划分 ,具有深刻的文化学意义 ,它为我们研究人类文化模式的演进提供了一个标准。依此 ,我们可以将文化模式分为前现代的文化模式、现代的文化模式和未来的文化模式。后现代文化在某种意义上是对前现代文化模式的回复 ,并未超越现代文化。     

新时期国内旅游抗周期性及双对数需求弹性分析

2000年以来,我国人均收入超过1000美元,国内旅游进入快速增长期,呈现抗周期性的新特征。本文在形态指标分析的基础上,界定了旅游业抗周期的概念及两种表现形式。相关统计数据实证检验发现,2003年SARS危机后,2004年国内旅游强力反弹,2009年国民经济进入低谷期后国内旅游率先恢复,形成一种受短期波动影响较小的惯性增长。同时,本文依据1994年～2012年时间序列数据建立了双对数模型,分析全国及城市居民国内旅游收入弹性和价格弹性,结果显示,收入需求弹性大于价格需求弹性,收入增长对居民国内旅游的推动作用大于价格的限制,形成了“刚性”的旅游需求,这是新时期国内旅游迅猛增长及抗周期性形成的根本原因。     

Hauling Down the Double Standard: Feminism,Social Purity and Sexual Science in Late Nineteenth‐Century Britain

Nineteenth‐century feminism and the related social purity movement, and the emergent scientific discourse of ‘sexology’, are usually seen as antagonistic. Both trends, in fact, were in profound opposition to the widespread assumption that the double moral standard was an embodiment of ‘natural’ transhistorical law. This article suggests that feminist agitation against the Contagious Diseases Acts of the 1860s (and other manifestations of the deleterious legal status of women) overtly attacked unthinking social assumptions about sex and gender, destabilising concepts about the naturalness of the existing sexual system and creating the context for the pioneers of sexology to interrogate even further accepted notions of gender and sexuality.     

从国际移民到跨国离散:基于北京的加拿大华人研究的“双重离散”理论建构

论文以早先从中国移民加拿大,后又从加拿大回流中国北京的华人为研究对象,对他们的"双重离散"经历进行理论建构。论文认为,在全球化以及现代通信和交通运输技术发展的影响下,加拿大华人国际化流动的程度日益加深。其跨国移民经历可以归类为"双重离散"——一种超越民族和国家主义界限的混合型经验。双重离散者具有一系列的双重性:他们既是中国人又是加拿大人,既是离散者又是回流者。他们作为文化与经济中介在中加两国之间扮演着双重角色。而这些移民的定居不是最终的,而是多向循环的。"双重离散"理论摒弃了有关离散的原有概念,而将离散视为异质化的、冲突的社会形式,提供了理解跨国移民行为以及展现归属多元路径的另一种框架。