A Note on Trip Benefits in Spatial Interaction Models

We extend the well-known transport users' benefits measure (TUB) for the doubly-constrained spatial interaction model derived by Williams (1976). The original formula expresses the TUB as composed by two terms associated with the origin and the destination zones. First, the TUB is associated here with trips instead of zones, providing a natural interpretation as a rule-of-a-half measure of benefit under inelastic demand (for the short-run case). Second, a TUB formula for the long-run case is derived, that is, when the total number of trips, trip origins, and trip destinations change. We then propose updated measures of accessibility for location behavior.     

Validation of Multiclass Urban Travel Forecasting Models Combining Origin–Destination, Mode, and Route Choices

Abstract The formulation, estimation, and validation of combined models for making detailed urban travel forecasts are described. These models combine origin–destination, mode, and auto route choices into a consistent forecasting method for multiple user classes for the Chicago Region. Household Travel Survey and Census Transportation Planning Package data for 1990, respectively, are used to estimate and validate the model.     

旅游目的地意象研究进展与展望

本文是一篇旅游目的地意象研究综述,在回顾旅游目的地意象的内涵结构、形成过程研究的基础上,提出：旅游目的地意象时空变迁规律研究是旅游目的地意象理论发展的未来,而景观设计、创意策划和信息传播则是旅游目的地意象应用的新方向;我国学者还应重视从中国传统哲学中汲取营养,积极开展中西贯通的旅游目的地意象研究。     

Destination Choice of Athenians: An Application of Geographically Weighted Versions of Standard and Zero Inflated Poisson Spatial Interaction Models

The main aim of this article is to combine recent developments in spatial interaction modeling to better model and explain spatial decisions. The empirical study refers to migration decisions made by internal migrants from Athens, Greece. To achieve this, geographically weighted versions of standard and zero inflated Poisson (ZIP) spatial interaction models are defined and fit. In the absence of empirical studies for the effect of potential determinants on internal migration decisions in Greece and the presence of an excessive number of zero migration flows among municipalities in Greece, this article provides empirical evidence for the power of the proposed Geographically Weighted ZIP regression method to better explain destination choices of Athenian internal migrants. We also discuss statistical inference issues in relation to the application of the proposed regression techniques.     

Reflections on War and Peace

Suganami, Hidemi, On the Causes of War
Kagan, Donald, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace     

近期内未出游城镇居民的旅游障碍与目的地选择偏好研究

通过与近3年内有过国内旅游经验的城镇居民进行对比分析,本文对近3年内未出游城镇居民的旅游障碍和目的地选择偏好进行了研究。文章以城镇居民为调查对象,采用问卷调查、统计分析的方法进行实证研究,在全国15个城市发放2500份问卷,共收回有效问卷2296份,其中近期内未出游城镇居民问卷639份,然后以近期内出游者样本作为对照组,利用对比分析和非参数Ridit分析等方法分析近期内未出游者,并得出如下主要结论：（1）时间因素、经济因素、心理因素和旅游意识因素构成近期内未出游者的主要旅游障碍;（2）相比近期内出游者,近期内未出游者的经济因素、身体因素和旅游意识因素的障碍性更强;（3）近期内未出游者的目的地选择因素按偏好程度可以划分为6个层次,其中旅游安全和目的地环境是最重要的因素,但相比于近期内出游者,旅游的总费用和目的地环境条件（包括餐饮、交通等）对该群体影响更大,而核心吸引物的优劣影响则较小。在此基础上,本文还针对性地提出了市场拓展策略。     

Reflections on work experience and community

Abstract

A series of ‘Community Involvement’ courses were developed at Toronto since 1970. In them, students spent time in the field as interns. Their purpose was generally to develop a critical awareness of the city society and organisations, to give job experience and career exploration, and to foster community development by making connections into the activities of the city. These courses have now been discontinued, apparently because they were not sufficiently conventional, and as a result a critical edge of academic life has been dulled.     

Policy Type, Bureaucracy, and Urban Policies: Integrating Models of Urban Service Distribution

This study advances a comprehensive model of urban service distribution based upon types of urban services, to which little concern has been paid in the study of service distribution. By introducing an integrating typology of urban services, it shows how the pattern of service distribution varies depending on service type. By doing so, this study demonstrates that polarized discussions about the primacy of different explanatory models are inadequate and artificial, and that seemingly contradictory models are not necessarily mutually exclusive when the effect of service type on the distribution of services is taken into consideration.     

History and Globalization: Reflections on Temporality

Globalization emerged as the buzzword of the 1990s, and, at the dawn of a new millennium, it continues to transfix academics, the media and policy-makers alike. However, one of the key gaps in the research into the process(es) of globalization has concerned its historical identity: the story (and analysis) of its origins, its development and mutation over time, and the continuities and differences between past and present. In this article the author sketches a typology of claims made about the historical identity of globlization in the current literature, and points to some unexplored and fruitful avenues of enquiry. Following this, two recent books are reviewed which attempt, in different but complementary ways, to deepen our understanding of globalization in history. The article concludes with a call for further research on this and related topics.     

长三角区域旅游线路模式及目的地类型研究

本文基于旅游社国内观光旅游线路报价单,统计并分析长三角区域旅游线路空间模式的类型、特征,以及长三角地区旅游目的地类型。结果表明,单目的地模式和完全环游模式是长三角地区最重要的两种旅游线路模式;长三角地区各目的地在旅游线路中出现频次存在较大的差异,呈现明显的等级层次;长三角旅游目的地类型主要表现为单一型、门户型以及出口型;通过对旅游线路中各目的出现频次的统计可见,长三角目的地呈现核心——边缘空间结构格局。     

Some Reflections on Michael Walzer's Politics and Passion

Abstract

Michael Walzer's new book, Politics and Passion, is the attempt of a major liberal political theorist to modify the essentially triumphalist individualist thrust of much of liberalism. It is written in the spirit of the later work of John Rawls, who tried to listen to the communitarian critique of liberalism and then incorporate it in his more modest version of liberalism instead of letting it coopt liberalism. That effort, though, is much more carefully and extensively worked out by Walzer than by Rawls. Nevertheless, Walzer cannot accept any central normative role for religion in the life of a liberal polity, especially for the type of family-central, traditional community presented by Judaism and Christianity. Since most communitarians are religious, it is arguable whether they can accept the political role religion have been assigned in the liberal project by Walzer. Indeed, it can be argued that Walzer, like almost all liberals, assigns a much too ultimate role for freedom, making it the end of liberal striving and seeing it in opposition to and escape from more traditional forms of social life. It is thus argued that the individual freedom Walzer sees as transcending (although never completely) familial-religious community can be better achieved there, functioning more modestly and realistically as one of the best means to the common good and, therefore, not in opposition to it.     

Reflections on Modelling Across the Arts and Sciences

Abstract

Relying on modelling protocols and examples of cross-border models, it is argued that an increasingly deliberate, self-aware use of modelling enhances constructive interactions from the arts to the sciences. Models are tailored from materials used in their environments of application in order to enable the performance of desired tasks, e.g. metaphorical constructions in poetry. They are suited for interdisciplinary interactions when their domain of application is allowed to extend beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries.