三论诸葛亮军事失误

历史上,诸葛亮虽然表现出诸多才智,但也有令人难以理解的决策和做法,导致了蜀汉应可避免的一些失误。辅政后,其过分"谨慎"性格在指导伐魏战争中不敢出奇制胜,造成诸多机遇的丧失,伐魏无果而终。没有很好培养大批人才也是一个重大失误。     

路易十四时代的文化特征

法国路易十四时期是法国历史上重要的鼎盛时期,其文化现象是法国文化史的杰出代表。本文试浅析路易十四时期文化的成因、内容和意义。对认识法国近代历史的发展有重要意义。     

“向东作战、发展华中”战略的历史贡献

正1938年9月在延安桥儿沟召开的中国共产党六届六中全会,是一次具有重大历史意义的会议,会议纠正了王明右倾投降主义错误路线,明确了中国共产党在抗日民族战争中的地位,确定了中国共产党在抗日民族统一战线中独立自主原则,做出了具有历史意义的重大决策:巩固华北,"向东作战""向北发展""发展华中"。华中战略上,     

法国所藏北宁之役档案史料述评

中法战争是近代中国和法国的重大历史事件,有关这一事件的史料,中法两国都有收藏。然而,长期以来,研究这一事件的中国学者主要依据本国史料探讨问题,史料的片面性往往使结论有失公允,这是一件十分遗憾的事。     

广西早期摄影史初探

有理论家认为,历史可以分为两个部分：有照片的历史和没有照片的历史。按照中国摄影史的通行说法,中国摄影的历史是从近代第一次鸦片战争之后,由法国贸易代表于1944年在澳门和广州拍摄开始的,广东是中国摄影的策源地①。从这个时候开始,中国近代历史有了可以依靠的具体图像。中国摄影在此意义上,与中国近代史同步。广西作为与广东相邻的省区.     

福建船政学堂与中国教育的近代化

福建船政学堂是中国近代历史上第一所高等实业学堂,它的出现和发展是中国教育史上的一次重大创新,同时开启了中国教育的近代化。本文试图从福建船政学堂的创办发展、课程设置、教学制度和教育管理的进步来考察它在中国近代教育史上的重要地位。     

近代早期法国历史进程中的城市化与城市角色探析

城市化是法国近代早期历史进程的一个重要组成部分。本文试图以城市为研究主体,从城市人口增长轨迹、城市化的时间特征及其背后动力机制、城市化宏观的和微观的空间特征、城市在近代早期法国历史中的角色和地位等几个方面,对这个时期法国城市化历史进程进行简要的论述。     

公共决策失误的原因及矫正——一种从公共选择理论视角的考察

从公共选择理论视角出发,公共决策失误的根本原因在于政府官员的自利行为(个人主义取向、本位主义取向、急功近利取向、惟上是从取向、图谋私利取向)及其失误责任难于追究。因此,必须建立政府官员问责机制,加大其决策失误的成本。     

论雅各宾派土地政策的得与失

土地问题是每一次资产阶级革命的首要任务,它的解决程度与方式直接决定了革命的彻底性与近代化道路.法国大革命期间,雅各宾派采取与前任完全不同的革命性土地政策,推进法国革命的进程,对法国未来社会的转型产生重大而深远的影响.     

16-17世纪法国女性摄政与君主制的发展

法国政治文化中具有强大的排斥女性的传统,但同时法国历史上又有大量女性摄政的现象存在,尤其是在近代早期的16-17世纪,虽然亦有反对之声,然而主流社会却对此大力支持。若从当时的文本材料出发,探究这一看似矛盾的现象背后的成因会发现,事实上,在性别话语的表象之下,关于国家主权与国王人身之间的关联及其行使权的分配才是女性摄政问题的核心。这也是法国君主制发展至此阶段的两大特征所决定:"家国一体"的概念在政治文化中依然具有重大影响;与此同时,王权日趋强大与成熟。     

Robert Weston,Medical consulting by letter in France, 1665-1789

This review investigates Robert Weston’'s Medical Consulting by Letter in France, 1665–1789. Weston uses correspondence between physicians and patients to explore perceptions of health and methods of treatments in early modern France. He also approaches the theme of how authority was expressed and perceived in epistolary communication. This book is important in its exploration of an underutilized source and its contribution to an understanding of how medical relationships were constructed in the past. With a rigorous structure and a high volume of information, Weston’'s work is an invaluable contribution to historical literature on early modern France.     

战后美国对法国向现代消费社会转型的影响——一种文化视角

在20世纪期间,源于美国的现代大众消费文化对其他国家的发展产生了巨大影响,法国便是其中比较有代表性的国家.第二次世界大战之后,美国大众文化在法国得到了更为广泛的传播,促使法国人消费理念的变化,成为法国大踏步地迈入现代大众消费社会的主要原因之一.然而法国传统的生活方式并没有因为进入现代大众消费社会而发生本质上的变化,只不过是多了些现代生活的气息而已.     

Between clinical medicine and the laboratory: medical research funding in France from 1945 to the present

By focusing on funding methods, this paper considers the way in which medical research eventually led to the science-based medicine that is prevalent in France today. This process seems to have taken place in three stages during the second half of the twentieth century. In the 1940s and 1950s, two major events occurred. The first was the creation of a national health insurance fund in France, which opened up new reasons for, and ways of, funding medical research. The second was the development of antibiotics, which triggered a revival of clinical medicine. In the 1960s and 1970s, a proactive government science policy allowed the life sciences and medical research to come together in the wake of a burgeoning new science: molecular biology. Thus, in 1964, the creation of the National Health and Medical Research Institute (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale or INSERM), destined to "molecularize" medical research, was seen as the fulfillment of the government's ambitious research policy. Today, with medicine irreversibly embedded in scientific and technical rationality, health has become a major issue in modern societies. This paper therefore touches on some of the key features of biomedical research, including the revival of funding systems for clinical research and the development of a system of research grants that was made possible by patient organizations and the creation of new funding agencies.     

Promoting Radical Change: The Loi Relative a` la Solidarite´ et au Renouvellement Urbains in France

At the end of 2000, France enacted major reform of its planning system in the Loi relative a` la solidarite´ et au renouvellement urbains (Loi SRU). It presented a restructuring of the instruments of land-use planning and in addition carried sections that dealt with housing policy and urban transportation. It linked the preparation of plans to emerging forms of local government. Using Hampson's analysis of the causes of the French Revolution, this article identifies both the long-term structural weaknesses and the contingent decision-making of the previous decade that led to reform. It concludes that the Loi SRU is probably not as radical as it was promoted as being, but may nevertheless be instrumental in achieving evolutionary change. Avenues for future research are identified.     

20世纪30年代法国军事辩论的惨痛教训

1940年法国战败,军事理论落后是其重要原因之一,而祸根在30年代的军事辩论时就已经种下。30年代法国军事辩论的主要内容是如何认识坦克集群战争。艾蒂安纳、杜芒克、戴高乐等人根据当时欧洲新的军事思潮,主张坦克战;反对派昧于历史新趋势,简单化地、过分乐观地认为,法国已经建立可靠的防线,法军已拥有足够的坦克,坦克只需掩护步兵,而组织坦克部队进攻将是一种冒险,敌人即使突破或绕过防线仍旧无法取胜。1940年法国的溃败,对这场军事辩论做了实际的总结。法国关于坦克集群战争的辩论和它屈服于坦克集群的事实,为我们提供了若干颇有价值的启示：军事理论的辩论一般具有长远意义;必须认识传统的力量及其限度;军事上的正确判断是打败对手的基本条件之一;必须看到军事理论、战争皆和社会生产、国家经济密切相关;落后的军事理论与压制先进军事思想的政策,势必对国家民族造成不可弥补的损失。     

Giuseppe Antonio Borgese and Italian propaganda abroad

After the outbreak of war, public and private institutions in Italy embarked on various propaganda projects without coordination. It was not until Vittorio Emanuele Orlando became prime minister (from 30 October 1917 to 23 June 1919) that the first serious efforts were made to organize propaganda abroad. G. A. Borgese, a contributor to the Corriere della Sera, took an active role in the defense of Italian intervention in the war and was assigned various missions abroad, commissioned by the editor of the newspaper and, after this first experience, by the army and naval authorities, and by Orlando himself. His unpublished report Dello spirito pubblico in Francia, written at the end of his mission to Paris in March and April 1917, describes Italian propaganda efforts in France and French public opinion on Italy and the Italians, making it an important text that reveals both the problematic relations between Italy and France and the mistakes and shortcomings of Italian propaganda.     

Threads: Collecting Cloth in the North American French Colonies

Trade of European-produced cloth and clothing enabled indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants of colonial New France to rethink the “hand-woven”, impacting how self could be presented through dress. At the same time, objects were being collected in New France for cabinets of curiosities and museums. These different collections resonated in different ways through history, subsequently influencing modern understandings of colonial cloth and clothing. This paper examines colonial experiences of cloth by looking at archaeological remnants of cloth and cloth production as compared to how indigenous and non-indigenous colonial peoples were and are being represented by cloth and clothing in museum collections.     

The history of modern and contemporary Italy: Made in France (from the late 1970s to the late 1990s)

Abstract

Over the past three centuries Italy has been the focus of numerous studies by French historians, who have taken advantage of the great wealth of sources available there. While no new synthesis has yet been achieved, we can identify certain main lines of development in French historiography. In the late 1970s and into the 1980s international relations and, especially, the relations between France and Italy were given the greatest attention, before a new focus on forms of sociability and political pedagogy began to be more common. However, the shifting of focus of historical studies to the centres of political decision making often coincided with less attention being paid to social stratification. Beyond these major themes, some researchers have reconstructed ‘global’ historical models, which have been characteristic of the renewal of post‐war French historiography.     

English Regionalization and Sustainability: Towards the Development of an Integrated Approach to Strategic Environmental Assessment

Central to this article is the suggestion that modern planning and development frameworks in England are currently at a potentially productive, although problematic turning point. Whilst on the one hand the UK is attempting to make the legislative and institutional changes necessary to facilitate the process of regionalization and devolution, it is at the same time facing the challenge of ensuring the necessary levels of inter-agency cohesion and integration required for the delivery of the meta-objectives at the heart of sustainable development. Of particular concern for the English regions is the increasing complexity of organizational relations, the fragmentary nature of provisions, the potential mismatch between the need to preserve environmental welfare and at the same time ensure regional economic competitiveness, and more fundamentally, the failure to provide an appropriate mechanism for the evaluation of sustainable development goals. In the light of these challenges, the authors highlight the value of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a mechanism for improving the environmental quality of decision-making and make recommendations as to how the regional level of decision-making can provide an effective platform for the development of an SEA system which is capable of reconciling the sustainability conflicts derived from different tiers of decision-making. Within this discussion, suggestions are made as to the manner in which current ideas for introducing sustainability appraisal for Regional Planning Guidance should be amended.     

Revolution and the Jews

Taking the public demonstrations in France after the attacks on Charlie Hebdo as its starting point, the essay considers the active role Jews played in shaping the relationship between religion and politics in modern Europe to argue that this history can allow us to think more expansively about the position of Islam in current discussions of theo-politics in France and Europe more broadly.