王阳明"心学"与朱熹"理学"的本质区别

王阳明心学与朱熹理学有本质上的区别.朱熹理学违背了儒学"天人合一"一元论思想,将天理与人欲对立起来,走向二元论.在知行关系上,王阳明提出"知行合一"的观点,是基于对朱熹知先行后思想导致的不良后果进行的补偏救弊措施.朱熹将天理与人欲割裂开来,要人欲听命于天理,实际上是走向了性本恶.王阳明"心即理"的提出,即是对性本善的肯...     

简论朱熹的理学思想

朱熹的理学思想代表着儒学发展的最高成就。他把理与气两个单个的哲学范畴结合在一起,发展为一对相对的范畴;改变了传统儒学知人而不知天的弊病。在理气宇宙论的基础上对儒家的性善论进行了卓有成效的重新建构,把人性区分为"天命之性"和"气质之性",人们应该通过格物致知,向天理归附。以天理的无上至尊和人与天理的紧密统一为"存天理,灭人欲"进行了论证。同时,也为维护整个封建制度和价值体系提供了依据。本文拟就朱熹理学思想的体系做一简要、系统的分析。     

福建理学先驱章望之

<正>中国理学发端于北宋北方的"宋初三先生",即胡瑗、孙复、石介。福建理学的发端与"宋初三先生"差不多同时,其代表人物为"海滨四先生"(陈襄、郑穆、陈烈、周希孟)。浦城章望之也在这期间进行儒家经典的研究,解释儒家经典,不重训诂,而重义理。用儒家经典创立自己的理论,成为福建理学先驱者。淡心利禄逸致天涯章望之,宋仁宗时人。字表民,福建浦城     

"苏学盛于北"说再考察

"苏学盛于北"本是明清学者对北宋三苏父子特别是苏轼的文学、艺术在金朝统治的北方地区广泛传播情况的概括。但学界有一股倾向,认为这里的"苏学"不限于文学、艺术,还包括苏氏的经学著作、哲学思想。实际上,从苏氏经学著作的刊刻、宋金文化的交流、金朝科举的主流、金朝儒学发展的阶段性,以及金朝晚期理学与苏氏经学在北方地区的势力比较等方面来观察,苏氏的经学及其哲学思想在北方长期不受重视,晚期虽然得到一些大儒的青睐,但同时理学也"复苏"过来,理学势力明显在苏氏经学之上。因此,那种试图把"苏学盛于北"的"学"扩大到儒家经学层面的做法,并不符合实际。"苏学盛于北"说只适用于文学艺术层面,而不能说在儒家经学和哲学方面也可以应用。     

从“存天理,灭人欲”看朱熹的道家思想

朱嘉等人的理学,在形成过程中,很大程度上吸收了道家思想,从“存天理,死人欲”这一理学核心和纲领的形成,也可以清楚的证明。天理、人欲对立,在《淮南子》和《礼记》中就有明显的论述,两书有完全一样的文字说明对立,但如何解决这种矛盾,两书的主张又完全不同,《礼记》主张用和乐教化,《淮南子》主张心性修养。理学家们的主张显然从黄老道家《淮南子》中得到启发。     

楹联习俗中彰显之荣辱观管窥

古代伦理道德教育的成功方法之一,是用习俗来达到潜移默化的教育目的。在我国传统伦理道德教育之中,荣辱观的教化贯穿于社会生活的各个层面。除了惯常用礼仪进行道德教化外,楹联习俗也是其中方法之一。一直以来,用楹联习俗感化和教育人的方法,得到后世许多儒家文史学者的响应,他们常常把儒家伦理道德的内容融注在楹联文本之中,利用楹联传播的特点对人们实施教化。当前进行社会主义思想道德建设,也应当充分有效地整合楹联资源,借鉴楹联习俗的教化方法,发挥其在荣辱观教育中的作用。     

论南宋书院的社会教化及其基本特质

儒家语境中的“教化”实为一种社会教化,并以设学作为推行教化的重要手段,以期达到化民成俗的理想社会秩序。书院的社会教化功能伴随着书院演化为一种教育机构而发轫。南宋时期,理学大兴,旨在重振以人伦道德为本位的儒家传统。鉴于学校与科举结合导致其教化功能的式微,南宋儒者有意另建书院作为维系天理民彝、阐扬道德教化的平台。南宋书院发展已具相当规模,且与理学形成“形”“神”互依互存的关系。书院的社会教化功能由此真正彰显。基于觉有先后的人性认识,南宋儒者赋予书院社会教化“传道济民”的特质：书院重在首先以人伦道德为本涵养士人的德性,成就礼仪贤士,进而影响至其他社会成员。出于“秀于民而为士”的观念,南宋书院从“民”中择其“俊秀”作为施教对象,也呈现了书院社会教化可以通向平民的一面。书院的社会教化是南宋儒者建构的社会教化体系中的一环,大学的特性决定了其不可避免的精英主义色彩。     

以社会历史为本位:论冯友兰新理学的道德观

冯友兰认为传统的儒家哲学是一种伦理学,那么,道德问题即是其最主要的问题。在传统的儒家哲学里,道德是内在的,因而是超越历史的。而在冯友兰的新理学体系里,因为消解了传统儒学"天理"、人性之道德价值性的内涵,因而道德是外在于人的,是社会之理的基本内容;人所有的道德理性,也由此从传统儒家哲学之道德的"内在自觉"而向新理学之"外在自觉"转换了,因而也会随着社会历史的变迁而变化。     

晚明乡宦的教化观及其实践困境

明代地方教化组织发展至晚明已渐渐流于形式,普遍的世风日下和风俗浇漓促使乡宦群体重新寻找教化途径,试图以"以身倡率"的模式改良风俗,由改士风到改民风。但由于乡宦以重返浪漫主义色彩的农业田园社会为教化宗旨,这与晚明不可逆的城市化、商业化进程相悖,因此难以赢得民众的认同。同时乡宦虽然在教化观念上主张复古复礼,但在实践中却渐趋奢华纵欲,导致大规模的民众竞相仿效,教化未行而风俗更坏。"上行下效"的教化过程因传统与现代、农耕文化与商业文化的冲突而在实际的推行过程中出现困境。     

王阳明的教育思想

自从孔子开辟儒家教育事业,到孟子便有了"先知觉后知"、"先觉觉后觉"的自觉与基本定位.由此之后,历代儒者可以不作官、不造论,但却不能不以教育作为自己的立身之基.到了王阳明,其对儒家的教育思想更是大用发皇,虽然人们往往从理论学理的角度称其为心学,但其心学理论却主要是通过教育与教化的方式表现出来的.而其教育思想则主要表现为"寓教于乐",并通过"各适其性"与"随材成就"的途径,从而生动地凸显了儒家"成己成人"的关怀.王阳明的教育与教化实践,也向当代的儒学研究提出了一个究竟应当如何认领儒学传统价值的重大问题.     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.