梁廷■《海国四说》及其域外史地研究

梁廷■对域外史志研究进行了具有开拓意义的实践与理论探索。在《海国四说》中,他提出了实用可行的域外资料收集路线图,并运用用乾嘉考据的办法对资料进行考证以求准确,在体例上则汇合中西史学之长,开创了"以中国人述外国事"之新体例。梁廷■的域外史地研究在中国近代史学史上具有重要的地位。     

钱穆与《先秦诸子系年》

钱穆早年以考据扬名学界,《先秦诸子系年》则是他早年治考据学的代表作。该书"以诸子之书,还考诸子之事",以古本《竹书纪年》订《史记》之误,不仅对先秦诸子的学术源流与生卒年代有了一个细致的考证,重建了先秦诸子的学脉,而且也考订了战国时代的重要史实,澄清了不少问题,奠定了战国史的研究基础。但是由于直接材料的缺乏,钱穆治诸子学主要采取了博综典籍、会通文献的方法,这种只依重传世文献材料的研究方法,其局限性也是明显的,这一方面表现为在考证方法上过多运用理证法,另一方面则表现出对新出土材料的忽视,因而他考证的某些结论也容易被地下出土的新材料所否定。     

中古时代石城莫愁与大堤艳姬的历史表征与历史本相

在中国文化史上长久占据一席之地的、典型而多变的"莫愁"符号,其最初的人物原型为南朝石城的歌伎莫愁,歌伎莫愁又为活跃在汉水大堤的艳姬群体成员。石城莫愁之个体、大堤艳姬之群体,共同构建了中古时代襄沔地区作为历史表征的区域人文景观。而这样的人文景观之形成,缘于诸多历史本相元素的共同形塑。先秦以来,襄沔地区的汉水大堤、楚地的女子好游风俗以及地域记忆中的神女想象情结,为大堤艳姬群体的产生提供了基本条件;魏晋时期,襄沔地区便捷的水陆交通条件与四方凑会的地缘优势,吸引南方蛮族大量北迁、西北胡人频密东徙,加之地方特产宜城美酒的名声渐起,最终导致大堤艳姬群体的生成与为人熟知,而其代表人物"莫愁女"亦逐步成为文人争相吟咏与记忆的文化意象。     

明清乡贤考据述论

乡贤考据就是对乡贤的履历、功绩、乡里、封爵、官职等进行钩沉、考证,作为一种学术手段,为明清时期编撰乡贤传记、厘定乡贤祠祀提供准确历史信息。从事乡贤考据者主要有地方官员、地方士人和乡贤后裔,虽同是考据,但各自有着不同的旨趣和情怀。从学术特点看,乡贤考据以史、志为根本,重口碑乡评,主张考证必有所据,与"乾嘉考据"既有不同,亦有相通之处。     

试析孙星衍的方志学思想

孙星衍不仅是清代著名的考据学者,而且也是一个颇有影响的方志学家,他的方志学思想属于典型的考据学派,他主张方志以考据存文献,重视志书的资料的考证工作,因此孙氏所修志书史料价值很大,有极高的存史价值。由于受到考据学思想束缚和影响,贵因不贵创,重地理考证而轻当代文献。创新不足,贵因有余,厚古薄今,把地方志局限于地理沿革考证层次上,这样,他所纂修的志书难以成为严格意义上的地方性著作,只能算是文献资料汇编。     

王锺翰学术研究路径转变析论

王锺翰作为从旧社会进入新中国史坛的学者,其学术路径与风格在新中国成立后自觉不自觉地也发生了诸多变化。他在民国时期逐渐走上考证之路,无论文献研究还是史实研究,都偏重考据。从新中国成立至20世纪60年代,他学习并开始依据唯物史观研究历史,注重从总体上剖析事物发展的全过程,理论分析比以前增强。他的这一研究路径的转变是终生的,此后他虽然也写作纯考证性的论文,但以唯物史观为指导则是他学术研究的首要原则。其学术路径的转变具有代表性,这对理解和认知中国近现代史学发展具有重要的学术意义。     

关于"大朝金合"钱铸造年代的质疑

货币的断代,是研究历朝经济状况关键之一,古钱中有的文献无征,后人往往为意必之辞,其中有未经仔细考证就遽作论断者,我们用作参考有必要详加研究和分析.现在谈谈"大朝金合"钱的问题.按实物"大朝金合"是方孔圆钱(径三十五厘米大如折三钱).钱文楷书,铜质,幕无文.此钱始见于宋鄱阳洪遵(生于北宋徽宗宣和五年,死于南宋宁宗嘉泰二年)所著"钱志"卷七,列为不知年代品,并注云:或系外国所铸,清李佐贤"古钱汇"等旧谱,定为契丹(辽)时物,自清蓊树培考据元代石刻,"大朝"为元代建国号之前的称号.确定"大朝通宝"     

浙派印人赵之琛

一、赵之琛的生平及艺术成就 赵之琛（1781—1852）,字次闲,一字献甫,号宝月山人、南屏隐君等。浙江钱塘（杭州）人。一生未入仕,以金石书画自给自娱,性耽佛学,布衣而终。篆刻师事陈豫钟,风格峭丽隽秀,清劲俊逸,为西泠八家之一。他精于金石文字考据之学,阮元所著《积古斋钟鼎彝器款识》,铭文大多为赵所手写。     

内藤湖南的历史发展观及其时代

日本汉学家内藤湖南(1866-1934)为京都学派的奠基者之一,在他的时代,日本的学术思潮不仅在于汉学研究,更扩大范畴为全亚洲之研究,名之为东洋史学,并在学院里设科教学.在此一学术思潮中.京都帝国大学以内藤为主导的亲中学派被称为京都学派或.支那学派",东京帝国大学以白鸟库吉等人为主导的亲西学派被称为东京学派或东洋史学派.两学派中.仍以京都学派的名望高于东京学派.内藤的历史发展观有.天运螺旋形循环说"、文化中心移动说、考据朴学论.第一说主要在反驳西方的"中国文明停滞说";文化中心移动说,说明文化中心所在即带来地方发展的契机,它不是一个相对兴衰的概念,而是中心所在导致地方得以发展,此一结果则是带来大一统的契机;考据朴学论则显现内藤对纯粹学术的要求,不当为政治服务的朴学精神,这与中国学而优则仕的作法明显不同,但他仍免不了受其时代思潮,受帝国主义者的影响.     

对清代考据派在方志学领域兴盛原因的另类探讨

在清代方志学领域,考据派一直超越文献派,占据主导地位,固然与当时政治环境和学术气氛有关,但清代方志讹舛百出、学界对志书质量多有不满,也与考据派兴盛不无关系。其纂修意图,重在修正和避免前期志书的错讹,其纂修方法,有着信古籍征文献、轻采访重考证之特征。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.