The ‘Girl Effect’ and martial arts: social entrepreneurship and sport,gender and development in Uganda

In recent years, three notable trends have emerged in the gender and development landscape: the increasing use of sport as a tool to achieve gender and development objectives (SGD); the expanding involvement of transnational corporations (TNCs) in creating, funding and implementing development programs; and the ‘girling’ of development. The last trend has largely been facilitated by the proliferation of the global ‘Girl Effect’ campaign, or ‘the unique potential of 600 million adolescent girls to end poverty for themselves and the world’ (Girl Effect 2011). This article reports on findings from a global ethnography – involving semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis – that considered how sport-oriented Girl Effect interventions impact the lives of girls they target. Using a Girl Effect-focused partnership among a TNC (based in Western Europe), an international nongovernmental organization (NGO) (based in Western Europe) and a Southern NGO (based in Uganda) as a case study, this article examines how SGD programs for Ugandan girls encourage them to become ‘entrepreneurs of themselves’ (Rose 1999) equipped to survive in the current global neoliberal climate using social entrepreneurial tactics such as training to be martial arts instructors combined with activities such as cultivating nuts. Results show how Girl Effect-oriented SGD programs that focus on social entrepreneurship tend to overlook the broader structural inequalities and gender relations that marginalize girls in the first place. I conclude by suggesting that future studies must further explore the socio-economic, cultural and political implications and consequences that social entrepreneurship and ‘economic forms’ of SGD interventions hold for girls.     

牛郎织女神话十年研究述评(1996—2006)

1996至2006年10年间学术界关于牛郎织女神话研究所取得的成绩是有目共睹的,不仅出版了一批学术著作,而且还发表了大量学术论文,研究的视野也开阔起来。主要体现在如下几个方面：一、牛郎织女神话起源研究;二、牛郎织女神话流行状态研究;三、牛郎织女神话与相关民俗研究;四、牛郎织女神话与相关文学创作研究;五、牛郎织女神话的历史学、考古学、档案资料等方面的研究;六、牛郎织女神话的文化学、社会学、人类学等方面的研究。可以说,在牛郎织女神话研究方面已经形成了一个多姿多彩的局面。对近10年牛郎织女神话研究进行学术总结是有必要的。     

Calls for educating girls in the Third World: futurity,girls and the ‘Third World Woman’

In this article I examine three calls for Western support for girls' education in the ‘developing world’. Using transnational feminist theory and discourse analysis I look at three examples of these calls; Three Cups of Tea, ‘Because I Am a Girl’ and the United National Girls Education Initiative. I suggest that what Mohanty (1988) terms the ‘Third World Woman’ – a homogeneous, static image of women in the third world – is the spectre used to motivate Western support. Through representations of girls, Western viewers/readers are hailed to invest in order to save the girl-child from the haunting ‘Third World Woman’. The girl-child, through her particularity as a girl, her future womanhood as motherhood and her neoliberal potential, becomes presented as emblems of a better future with the investment of Westerners.     

清代中期徽州婚俗与社会生活管窥——解读天津博物馆收藏的《邵氏嫁女收支账册》

近年来,徽州文献的搜集利用呈现出多样化特点,与民俗文化、社会生活相关的文书史料愈益受到人们的关注。这些文书为研究者提供了众多具体、生动的原始资料,极大丰富了人们对于明清时期徽州社会的认识。天津博物馆现藏有清代道光时期徽州邵氏嫁女所录收支帐册一部。     

The Gothic and the Gaelic: Exploring the Place of Castles in Ireland’s Celtic Revival

This paper examines the conflict in early nineteenth century Ireland that emerged between the way castles were portrayed in academia on the one hand and romantic literature on the other. Focusing on a key text of the Celtic Revival, Sydney Owensons The Wild Irish Girl, the paper explores how this novel (with its strong gothic influences) established a lens through which Gaelic Ireland could be understood and how this in turn affected the representation of castles. The second part of the paper ties these themes into an analysis of the relationship between architecture, literature and identity in the occupation of Leap Castle, Co. Offaly during the changing political climate of nineteenth and early twentieth century Ireland.     

"Seeing" and "Hearing" in a Deaf–Blind World: Laura Bridgman's Legacy (Review Essay)

Books reviewed in this article:
Ernest Freeberg, The Education of Laura Bridgman: The First Deaf and Blind Person to Learn Language
Elisabeth Gitter, The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf–Blind Girl     

"Seeing" and "Hearing" in a Deaf–Blind World: Laura Bridgman's Legacy (Review Essay)

Books reviewed in this article:
Ernest Freeberg, The Education of Laura Bridgman: The First Deaf and Blind Person to Learn Language
Elisabeth Gitter, The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf–Blind Girl     

Autistic culture online: virtual communication and cultural expression on the spectrum

In this article, I examine cultural narratives about the lives and places of women with mental illness in the commercial Hollywood film: Girl Interrupted (1999). In contrast to most of the disability studies literature concerned with cultural representation, this article explicitly examines how the spatiality of ‘mad women's’ lives is constructed through film. Drawing on post-structuralist, and feminist perspectives on disability, and on conceptual ideas from the limited social geographic literature concerned with the lives of persons with mental illness, I explore the contradictory cultural narratives about the lives and places of women with mental illness constructed through this film. This approach recognizes that representations of ‘mad women’ and their places in society and space involve contradictory, tension-laden relationships between spectator and cultural product, complex discursive negotiations of meaning, and gendered processes of meaning-making, in some ways affirming mad women's lives and in others perpetuating negative stereotypes about women with mental illness and where they belong.     

由“分期”史到“断代”史——民国时期大学“中国通史”讲授体系之演变

民国时期大学的中国通史讲授,有一个从模仿西洋史上古、中古、近古、近世的分期体系,向断代体系逐步演变的过程,最通行的断代方法为先秦、秦汉、魏晋南北朝、隋唐五代、宋辽金元、明清六段。在前一种讲授体系下,由于分期标准难以确定,造成时期划分极端混乱,中西历史对照讲授的目的难以达到,而且由于受西方中心史观的影响,还出现了强分时代乃至割裂历史的弊端。因此,这种讲授体系逐渐被各大学所抛弃,而代之以后者。后一种讲授体系的最终确立,是在分段问题上充分考虑中国自身历史发展特点的结果。其问题主要在于各段历史在实际讲授过程当中,常常不能衔接,造成通史事实上不通。与通史讲授体系的演变相呼应,通史教科书的编撰,也大体经历了一个从模仿西洋史分期,到依据本国历史发展特点构建本国通史著作体系的演变。这是中国史研究逐渐深入的一个表现。     

"九一八"事变后日本"亚洲主义"意识形态的政策化

近代日本的“亚洲主义”并非一定以对抗欧美为根本目的,因而它与所谓的“协调主义”路线之间并不存在绝对的对立。这意味着“亚洲主义”意识形态的政策化存在着可能性。尤其在“九一八”事变之后的特殊历史背景下,它自下而上,由日本陆海军、外务省等各分支机构到最高首脑决策,经历了一个逐渐向外交国策渗透发展并最终讨论成型的复杂过程。可以说1933年斋藤内阁“五相会议”所制定的《外交方针》正是其政策化的典型表现。该方针将“协调主义”作为辅助手段,明确宣布今后日本的国策在于“实现帝国指导下日、满、华的提携共助”。这意味着“不放弃协调主义的亚洲主义政策”在当时已告形成。     

‘It's called Girl Scouts,not, like,Woman Scouts’: emotional labour and girls' bodies

A key part of the American Girl Scouts organization is their iconic annual cookie sale, which is promoted as providing girls with invaluable business and leadership skills. We argue that it also trains girls in the gendered practice of emotional labour. By learning how to suppress or express certain feelings in public spaces in order to net more profit, girls are socialized to not only regulate their emotions, but also their bodies. This becomes complicated as girls become teens, as they receive mixed messages regarding their bodies. No longer considered to be ‘cute girls’, teens' bodies occupy a space between adolescence and adulthood, which often creates tension in public space. We explore this tension and teens' responses.     

The Politics of Knowledge: Anthropology and Māori Modernity in Mid-Twentieth-Century New Zealand

This article argues that growing confidence in anthropology as a tool for managing the adaptation of a resurgent Māori population to modernity shaped a “politics of knowledge” regarding New Zealand's indigenous people in the mid-twentieth century. We examine the relationship between anthropological discourse, state policy, and the Māori struggle to uphold traditional ways, through the prism of Ernest and Pearl Beaglehole's psycho-ethnographic study entitled Some Modern Māoris (Beaglehole, E., and P. Beaglehole. 1946. Some Modern Māoris. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research). This paper demonstrates that the study was the product of a nexus between concerns for Māori welfare, a perceived need for empirical research that could be applied to the “problem” of indigenous adjustment to contemporary conditions, and American philanthropy. For this reason, and as a detailed record of a small community when Māori society was on the cusp of post-Second World War transformations, we contend that the study deserves to be recovered from historical obscurity.     

I srael and Alef-Bet

Book reviewed in this article: Alina: A Russian Girl Comes to Israel: Mira Meir On Eagles' Wings and Other Things: Connie Colker Steiner A lef-Bet: A Hebrew Alphabet Book: Michelle Edwards     

论“中国近代史”学科的形成

中国的中国近代史学科形成于 2 0世纪 3 0年代。从学术史的角度看 ,中国近代史学科的形成主要是由于 :(一 )新材料的发现 ,包括清内阁大库明清档案的发现及海外中国近代史资料的搜求 ,特别是清内阁大库明清档案的发现 ,直接改变了学者关于近代史的观念 ,导致了中国近代史研究的兴起 ;(二 )史学新思想、新方法的输入 ,可以说 ,中国近代史学科的形成 ,就是新史料运用新史学的实践的结果 ,具体表现在三个方面 :一是进步史观的输入导致了中国近代史“近代化叙事模式”的确立 ;二是重视史法的倾向导致了中国近代史编撰模式的转变 ;三是普遍史的倾向导致了中国近代史内容的更新     

The Great Dog Massacre in Late Qing China: Debates,Perceptions, and Phobia in the Shanghai International Settlement

Modern assessments of a well-known sign in a Shanghai park that stated “Dogs and Chinese Not Admitted” have established that the dog aspect of it was not true, but the sign remains highly visible in the Chinese historiography of Western imperialism. Such reassessments do not seem to recognize that the sign might have meant something considerably different to Chinese and foreigners in late Qing Shanghai than it would have in later periods of modern Chinese history. Dog–human relations had changed through a mix of two processes: dog-keeping as a social practice and the challenges of rabies in the management of urban space. Under the rule of the Shanghai Municipal Council, animals, health, and imperialism converged in the Shanghai International Settlement to destabilize the traditional roles of dogs and introduce modernity through the disciplining of both animal and human bodies and the demarcation and management of new urban spaces.     

Book Reviews

Nelson, Claudia Invisible Men: Fatherhood in Victorian Periodicals, 1850–1910 (1995) Bourke, Joanna Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War (1996) Sztreter, Simon Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860–1940 (1996) Bland, Lucy Banishing the Beast. English Feminism and Sexual Morality 1885–1914 (1994) Grossman, Atina Reforming Sex. The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920–1950 (1995) Mitchell, Sally The New Girl: Girls’ Culture in England, 1880–1915 (1995) Tinkler, Penny Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing Up in England, 1920–1950 Johnson, Lesley The Modern Girl: Girlhood and Growing Up (1993) Giles, Judy Women, Identity and Private Life in Britain, 1900–50 (1995) Stanley, Liz Sex Surveyed, 1949–1994 (1995) Tebbutt, Melanie Women’s Talk: A Social History of ‘Gossip’ in Working-Class Neighbourhoods, 1880–1960 (1995) Zarnowska, Anna and Szwarc, Andrzej (eds) Kobieta i edukacja na ziemiach Polskich w XIX i XX wieku (1995) Bard, Christine Les Filles de Marianne. Histoire des féminismes 1914–1940 (1995) Reynolds, Siân France Between the Wars. Gender and Politics (1996) Fieseler, Beate Frauen auf dem Weg in die russische Sozialdemokratie 1890–1917: eine kollektive Biographie (1995) Quack, Sibylle (ed.) Between Sorrow and Strength: Women Refugees of the Nazi Period (1995) Wagner, Leonie, Mehrwald, Silke, Maierhof, Gudrun, Jansen, Mechtild M. (eds) Aus dem Leben jüdischer Frauen. ‘Welche Welt ist meine Welt?’ (1994) Frader, Laura L. and Rose, Sonya O. (eds) Gender and Class in Modern Europe (1996) Hill, Bridget Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century (1996) Faust, Drew Gilpin Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (1996) Morton, Patricia (ed.) Discovering the Women in Slavery: Emancipating Perspectives on the American Past (1996) Copelman, Dina London’s Women Teachers: Gender, Class, and Feminism, 1870–1930 (1996) Garb, Tamar Sisters of the Brush: Women’s Artistic Culture in Late 19th-Century Paris (1994) Orr, Clarissa Campbell (ed.) Women in the Victorian Art World (1995) Willson, Perry R. The Clockwork Factory: Women and Work in Fascist Italy (1993) Pickering-Iazzi, Robin (ed.) Mothers of Invention: Women, Italian Fascism and Culture (1995) Cahn, Susan K. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport (1994) Cayleff, Susan E. Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1995) Berg, Maxine A Woman in History. Eileen Power, 1889–1940 (1996)     

水资源约束下的生态工业园区发展模式探析——以天津滨海新区汉沽现代产业园为例

针对滨海新区水资源短缺、水环境污染的现实背景,选取天津滨海新区以高耗水、重污染的化工行业为主导的泰达汉沽现代产业园作为具体研究案例,深入剖析其产业发展现状及水资源约束瓶颈,重点探讨基于水循环的生态工业园区发展模式,并尝试构建"开源、节流、循环"的高效水资源利用系统和以生产服务系统、静脉产业系统以及生态循环系统三者有机结合的生态工业园区循环利用体系。     

The playful mode of writing in Psycharis's To Tαξíδι μoυ (1888)

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss the literary qualities of Psycharis's To Tαξíδι μoυ, in particular, to analyse specific examples that demonstrate its playful mode of writing. Firstly, it will attempt to place the text in the literary context of its period by discussing its conception and significance for Modern Greek literature. Secondly, it will focus on the element of humour in the text, which can best be described as a playful mode of writing. The playfulness can be explained as raising false expectations in readers in a way that does not become obtrusive or unpleasant, but aims to entertain through the effects of surprise. This mode of writing is created mainly through intertextual allusions, incongruous juxtapositions, and comical, satirical or parodic undertones.     

Ruskin's Modern Painters and the Visual Language of Reality

Abstract

Ruskin, the most influential mid-Victorian aesthetician, has typically been affiliated by critics with one of two incongruous regimes of thought; late English romanticism or an emerging counter-paradigm of factual science. Unwilling to refine this opposition, criticism has failed so far to address the relationship Ruskin bears to a native British intellectual tradition of sceptical empiricism. Beginning by arguing that his early writing on aesthetics ought to be distanced from the cultural legacies of romanticism (intuitive psychology, transcendental order, mysticism), this article offers a re-examination of Modern Painters (1843–60) as a work that intersects instead with the associationist tradition represented in the mid-century by writers like Alexander Bain and G. H. Lewes. Ruskin's realism, I argue, can be rethought in these terms as it dramatises a similar model of subjectivity to that found in their key psychological works; a model whereby the self must paradoxically be sacrificed before the object it seeks to know while also authenticating art's truthfulness through the testimonies of perspective and personality. Discussion ranges from visual art, including Turner and Canaletto, to the psychological theory of Lewes and Bain, to detailed analysis of the form and meaning of Modern Painters itself, uncovering the powerful critique of mimesis that its surprising philosophical inheritance implies.