Rural Management——The Way Out for Tibetan Rural Areas

Tibetan towns and villages are the remotest areas in China regional society. The remoteness is evident in two aspects： （i） the natural environment; located in the southwestern frontier of China, as the core of the ＂the Third Extreme＂, Tibet claims to be the farthest area in terms of space, altitude and distance -- and com- pared with towns, this is really true of the villages, （z） the social environment; with the rapid development of Tibet＇s tourist industry in recent years, people tend to focus more on Tibet, but mainly on such cities as Lhasa, Shigatse and Tsetang. Beyond people＇s attention, towns and villages stay far away not only from those socio-economically and culturally developed areas but also from the focus of intensive social development.     

On Tibetan Aristocratic Families

Social relationships mean different things to dif-ferent people.Any observation of social life has to in-clude recognition of the existence of“the family”.“Fa-mily”is not only a biological group created by a sexualunion,but also a social organization establishedthrough relative social networks.In any social systemor in any nationality,the“family”serves as the foun-dation and mainstay of social life.Therefore,the“fa-mily”attracts attention from anthropologists,sociolo-gists and historians at the outset of their investigations.As a region inhabited by Tibetans,“family”in Tibetnot only refers to one household inhabited and inher-     

EASTER ISLAND: THE EVOLUTION OF ITS CULTURE UNTIL THE DESTRUCTIONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

<正>1.Introduction*Since the first time Easter Island was explored,scholars have been arguing and speculating about the date of the natives’arrival,the nature and purpose of the larger statues,its actual number of inhabitants,the reasons for the progressive deforestation of the island,etc.All of this has received various explanations which are considered influential factors in determining social and cultural changes in the lives of the islanders(a question to be surveyed in the last section of this article.)However,the lack of sufficient data makes it difficult to reach to a definitive conclusion;the best that we can hope for is to give reasonable and temptative hypotheses.     

Official Life： Homoerotic Self-Representation and Theater in Li Ciming＇s Yuemantang Riji

Homoerotic play was central to the recreational culture of theatergoing from the mid-Qing to the beginning of the twentieth century, especially in Beijing. Theatergoing literati in particular played an important role in the production and reproduction of an elite, theater-based, homoerotic sub-culture, heavily investing themselves in the pursuit of social distinction. While it is important not to underestimate the importance of lower-status audiences in the popularisation of Peking opera, the literati doubtlessly considered themselves the aesthetic vanguard in terms of both the judgment of staged drama and the literary promotion of romances between themselves and the boy-actors offstage. Unlike ＂flower-guides＂ （Huapu） that circulated between friends, diaries from the period record private thoughts on the scene that would not, and could not, be expressed in public. Drawing on the diary of the influential late-Qing scholar-official Li Ciming （1830-94）, I focus on the question of how an understanding of public participation entered Li＇s diaries, as well as examining what his self-representations have to say about Qing literati ownership of homoerotic sensibilities and spaces, which is to say, how he saw himself as presenting to others and how that self-presentation is （re-）presented in his writing.     

King Gesar Effectively Saved

King Gesar is an encyclopedia with contents covering social develop-ment, history, wars, religious belief, folklore, linguistics and exchanges between different tribes.In Tibet, folk balladeers declare they can sing up to 1,000 volumes of the epic, passed down through history orally and enriched in contents by the public themselves. The Central Government sets great store by the gathering, compiling and publishing of the epic, considered to be longer     

Power of Religion in Rural Areas and Its Public Service （Ⅱ） ——An Analysis of Cases in Five Villages

In rural areas in Tibet where religion believers occupy a very high proportion of the population, religious service can also be included into the scope of public services, because it is not only related to local social stability, but also bound up with the quality of life (such as a sense of happiness and the perceived meaning of life) in the view of local people. Investigation in five villages shows how in the rural areas in Tibet, various religious authorities provide such services.     

Pursuing the Good,Ethics and Metaphysics in Plato s Republic

‘Pursuing the good’ is an old subject in both social history of ancient Greece and Greek philosophy studies. There is hardly anything new when we talk about virtue or morality in the time of Plato and Aristotle. In the area of Greek history, many books and articles on or relevant to that     

浅析代笔书画

Ghostuwriting is a most complicate and difficult problem in the respect of Chinese calligraphy and painting authcntication because the ghostwriting is the requirement of the painter himself and usually approved by him. The painter will cooperate with the ghostwriter and try to be invulnerable. The author introduces such kind of phenomenou in the Chinese calligraphy and painting history in quite a detail. which is believed to he a great help to the authentieators or collectora.     

A Grand Event for Cultural Circles──Publication Begins of the 40-volume King Gesar

King Gesar is a long epic created by the Tibetan people over aprolonged period of history. Given strenuous efforts to sing andperform it, the epic, unlike other ancient works of its type, is stillPerformed in the rural and pastoral areas in Tibet.The epic, unique to the Tibetan race, faithfully reflects the life of the ethnicgroup, social format, history, wisdom of the people, their aspirations and ideals,as well as the imagination and talents of the Tibetans.Obviously, King Gesar is a trea…     

明清家具装饰概述

The decoration of furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties is an important part to display the grand achievement and advanced art level of that time, which echoes with the form and structure of the furniture. The following points can be studied for the decoration: the partly decoration, various methods and the topic and content of the decoration. Through long years' practice,special styles are created to dedicate obvious artistic characteristic and great value of beauty.     

THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE OPENING OF SICHUAN-TIBET AND QINGHAI-TIBET HIGHWAYS

Highway traffic is lifeblood of the social and economic development in Tibet. Due to the historical and geographical factors, Tibet didnot have a formal road or a civil car before 1950. The economic exchanges relied on the backs of porters and horses.     

The Analysis of Lin Yutang’s Humor

Lin Yutang is called the master humorist in China.He advocates humor and spiritual literature in his magazine Lun Yu(Analects)which attracts essays and readership.His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English makes him one of the most influential writers of his generation,and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English are bestsellers in the West.Humor is a distinctive feature in his works.In his book,he uses humor as he sees appropriate,and through humor he criticizes social realities,depicts characters and introduces original expressions,etc.His humor can be related to some aspects in his life.In this paper,I will briefly analysis Lin’s sense of humor and how Lin’applies humor in his works.     

LHARI COUNTY,A MAJOR LINK ALONG THE ANCIENT TEA-HORSE ROAD

正Lhari County is situated in a special part of Nagqu in the Tibet Autonomous Region. People living in the valley of southern Tibet often refer to it as north Lhari, and it is recognized as part of the area where north Tibetan culture continues to prevail. Nevertheless, the people of Nagqu itself like to call it south Lhari and believe it to be the place with the best     

Unprecedented Developments In Tibet

The visit of our delegation to Tibet was, indeed, an eye-opener. Ours was one of the first political delegations fromIndia to visit the Tibet autonomous region in many decades. The economic development that we could see in the capital city of Lhasa as well as in the other urban and rural areas clearly showed that compared to Nepal, Bhutan or other Indian Himalayan areas, the Tibet region is witness to unprecedented economic and other consequent social     

Protection of The Eco-Environment In Tibet

Efforts to protect Tibet's environment have achieved satisfactory economic and social results.Beginning in the 1980s, Tibet began to enact rules and regulations for the protection of the eco-environment, treatment of pollution, and control of pollution at source.At present, the region is making efforts to revise the Regulations for Environmental Protection to guarantee healthy economic development. In 2001 and 2002, efforts were made on four occasions to examine the execution of the environmental protection law. This     

THE TIBETAN VILLAGE OF NORTH WEST YUNNAN-a basic grammar of local authenticity

This work is the result of a journey in North West Yunnan. The European architects try to identify and explain which the main characters of local authentic architecture are, and to define a basic grammar. Observing the ongoing trends of change, they make comments and give some basic personal suggestions about architectural conservation. Authenticity is not an absolute idea and it should be clear that the following observations come from a European conservationist point of view. The document is written in the perspective of promoting a conservation oriented to tourism development in the area.     

NEW BOOKS

Tibetan Customary Law:Tradition and Transformation Objectively,the current diversity in Tibetan customary law is mainly due to the diversifi-cation of social life,cultural tradition,and un-balanced economic development.Customary     

神圣与内在的洁净——以藏族农民为中心的洁净观念的文化诠释（英文）

<正>The concept of"purity"and"pollution"exists in every ethnic group or culture,and the emergence and existence of this concept is closely associated with geographic environment,religious belief,mode of production,lifestyle,morals and world outlook,and is supported and restricted by a whole set of cultural logics hidden deeply in the social structure.Different ethnic groups and cultures have different criteria for classification of"purity"and"pollution".One article,behavior or social phenomenon may be deemed"pure"by one ethnic group,but"polluted"by another.The human perception of"purity"is a