Lessons in possession: colonial resource geographies in practice on Vancouver Island, 1859–1865

This paper considers the establishment of a major sawmill at the head of the Alberni Canal on the west coast of the colony of Vancouver Island in the 1860s and the legacy of that enterprise in producing geographies of colonial possession. I argue that the institution of industrial forestry in the colony relied upon a conception of property rights that turned on the identification of civilized and savage space, holding that only particular kinds of labour and land improvement warranted claims of ownership. This ideology found official state sanction within the regimes of Western liberal law, was mapped onto the region around Alberni by a uniquely placed individual, and was eventually made durable through the practices of everyday life at settlement sites. In these ways, I show, colonial possession relied upon precedents within British imperial culture. However, I also argue that another geography of possession was put in place along the way. By eventually adopting a scheme wherein timberlands could be brought into production without being alienated by land speculators, the state enabled the actual practice of possession in crown territory that was previously claimed through general appeals to the British imperative to overturn its wild nature. Showing that the lessons learned at Alberni were re-applied in other parts of the region, I conclude by arguing that the historical geographies of industrial forestry reinforced crown possession of much of the Pacific Northwest. Ultimately, I claim that this story demonstrates the centrality of practice to possession, thereby highlighting an analytical space that might yield fruitful insights into the intensely situated and local nature of colonial territorial control.     

The No. 1 Ladies' Poultry Farm: A feminist political ecology of urban agriculture in Botswana

The research draws on a feminist political ecology perspective to demonstrate that agrarian restructuring and rural–urban transformation in Botswana offers women opportunities to renegotiate their marginalised positionality within the commercial urban agricultural sector in Greater Gaborone. Men and women participate in equal numbers, and both perceive of this sector as offering them new and accessible avenues for economic and social advancement. Although there is continuity of women's social and economic disadvantage relative to men from rural to urban contexts, women are actively making claims on land and capitalising on their traditional roles and responsibilities associated with poultry production. This negotiation of continuity and change in gendered positionality reflects and indeed suggests positive changes for women in urban Botswana, pointing specifically to the transformatory potential of urban agriculture despite existing constraints at the sectoral level. The research highlights the ways in which women are (re)defining their constraints, and seeking out alternative opportunities for empowerment and action. To this end gender remains an integral part of and key element to understanding agrarian restructuring and rural–urban transformation in Botswana.

El No. 1 Granja de Aves de Damas: Una Ecología Política Feminista de Agricultura Urbana en Botswana.

Esta investigación usa una perspectiva de ecología política feminista para demostrar que la reestructuración agraria y la transformación rural–urbano en Botswana ofrecen mujeres oportunidades para renegociar sus posiciones marginales adentro del sector de agricultura comercial en la ciudad de Gabarone. Los hombres y las mujeres participan en cifras iguales, y los dos perciben que este sector les ofrece avenidas nuevas y accesibles para avanzar económicamente y socialmente. Aunque hay continuidad de la desventaja económica y social de mujeres relativa a hombres desde el contexto rural a urbano, mujeres están activamente haciendo derechos de terreno y capitalizando en sus roles y responsabilidades tradicionales asociados con la producción de aves. Esta negociación de continuidad y cambio en sus posiciones de género reflejan y por supuesto sugieren cambios positivos para las mujeres en Botswana, específicamente indicando la potencial de transformación de agricultura urbana a pesar de las limitaciones existente en el sector. Esta investigación subraya las maneras en que mujeres están redefiniendo sus limitaciones y buscan oportunidades alternativos para apoderadamente y acción. En esta vía, género se queda un elemento significado y un parte integral de entender la reestructuración agraria y la transformación rural–urbano en Botswana.     

Cross-cultural interaction on Wuvulu Island,Papua New Guinea: the perspective from use-wear and residue analyses of turtle bone artifacts

Recent studies have emphasized the importance of Indigenous producers and traders in the formation of ethnographic museum collections, but have found difficulty in finding concrete evidence for their active roles. A use-wear and residue study of turtle bone cleavers from Wuvulu Island, Papua New Guinea provides the opportunity to test whether objects that comprise a significant component of early collections were made specifically for sale, as hypothesized by contemporary observers in the late 19th century. Comparative studies of used and unused turtle bone artifacts from the Caroline Islands and Papua New Guinea identified differences between wear traces resulting from manufacture and use. Analyses of the Wuvulu turtle bone cleavers showed they had been heavily used prior to sale. Rather than produce artifacts to meet the high demand from German traders, the local people sold old, worn-out objects, many of which had been repaired. The study demonstrates that archaeological approaches to ethnographic museum collections can trace Indigenous agency within cross-cultural interaction. It also showcases the potential of use-wear and residue analytical techniques for the analysis of bone tools and the utility of digital, hand-held microscopes for the analysis of large artifacts.     

爪哇的失落秘境婆罗浮屠和普拉巴南

南半球的佛教奇迹 以前有一个脑筋急转弯,叫“为什么南半球没有佛教徒？”答案很冷,是“南无阿弥陀佛”.但实际上,这个脑筋急转弯是彻底弄错了,因为世界上最壮观的佛教遗迹恰好就在南半球,也就是印度尼西亚爪哇岛上的世界遗产“婆罗浮屠”. 其实“南无”并不是说南边没有,那是梵语,本意是“皈依”.古代的佛教僧侣为了让更多的人皈依我佛,不辞辛劳地东奔西走,四方传教,居然就把佛教传到了南半球的爪哇.在古汉语里,“爪哇”除了地名之外还有另一个意思,就是远得不能再远的地方,因为那里确实是古人有可能去到的几乎最远的地方了.爪哇是古代“海上丝绸之路”的最南端,再往南就是澳大利亚了.     

Reconsidering the Antiquity of Trade on Madeline Island: A View from the Cadotte Site in Northern Wisconsin

Abstract

The Cadotte site, excavated in 1961, is often cited in archaeological and ethnohistorical literature as an example of a short term, mid-seventeenth century refugee encampment of the Huron and/or Odawa circa 1660–1670. A closer examination of the site assemblage has resulted in a reassessment of the general assumptions regarding the site and its use by Huron and Odawa during the mid-seventeenth century. The ceramic assemblage indicates that the site was occupied much earlier and for a longer period than previously understood, circa 1620–1670. This is supported by the European trade goods assemblage. It is also argued that the site served a specialized function, as a place of seasonal rendezvous for the Ontario Odawa and their central Algonquin trading partners. Further, the character of the pottery suggests that a portion of the sample may reflect Algonquin mimicry of Ontario Wendat traditions. The revised understanding of the time depth and function of the site, as well as the character of its associated ceramic assemblage, has also prompted the reconsideration of the identity of the Algonquin groups who visited the island, and the antiquity of the Ojibwe presence at this locale.     

The Dormition of the Virgin Mary on the Island of Tinos: A Performance of Gendered Values in Greece

On the Greek island of Tinos, the Dormition of the Virgin Mary is celebrated on 15 August. This death, fertility, and healing festival is important for several reasons: the church of the “Annunciation” owes its fame to a miraculous holy icon; the miracles worked by this icon have made Tinos a centre of pan‐Orthodox worship; and pilgrimages are particularly made to the shrine during the Dormition. The celebration is also an important ideological festival for the Greek nation‐state, as illustrated through several ceremonies, particularly the procession when the icon is carried from the church to the harbour. The date 15 August is a special one for Hellenism; it combines religion with patriotism, and the Dormition is a profound social event. There are several meanings and values connected to the festival — female and male, popular and official — the pilgrimage site on Tinos presents an interrelationship of history, ritual, and gender.     

社会人类学视野中的松坪华侨农场

华侨农场是一个在特殊历史时期 ,因特殊历史事件 ,经由特殊历史决策而形成的特殊社区。本研究以松坪华侨农场为个案 ,剖析这一特殊社区的历史发展轨迹 ,探讨归侨群体的社会记忆与认同建构 ,并关注集体安置移民的经验及其给与后人的启迪     

Hunting strategies in the Late Glacial of northern Europe: A survey of the faunal evidence

Presented here is a general overview of the evidence concerning the procurement strategies in the Late Glacial of northwestern Europe. Their rich faunal assemblages make Stellmoor and Meiendorf, in northern Germany, key sites in this respect. Both may be considered specialized reindeer hunting camps. A survey of the hunting techniques and exploitation patterns reflected by the material from these sites emphasizes the differences between the Hamburgian and the Ahrensburgian economies.     

海岛型旅游目的地生态补偿标准及其差异研究——以普陀山、朱家尖、桃花岛和南北长山岛为例

国际上,旅游税(污染者付费原则)和旅游费(使用者付费原则)是广泛应用的解决旅游引起的环境外部性问题的方法,其中,住宿税、燃油税和(额外)门票费是一些最常见的例子;作为科斯市场解决环境外部性问题的方法,生态系统(环境)服务付费(受益者付费原则)在旅游领域已逐渐引起重视.海岛生态系统脆弱,海岛型旅游目的地环境的可持续性是海岛旅游可持续发展的必要条件,海岛旅游发展威胁海岛型旅游目的地环境的可持续性.本文运用生态系统(环境)服务付费(PES)和条件价值评估法(CVM),以普陀山、朱家尖、桃花岛和南北长山岛为例,以2013年为评价基准年份,通过调查游客对4个海岛型旅游目的地海洋生态系统提供景观、游泳、调节温度、吸收CO2等服务和森林生态系统提供景观、乘凉、蓄积淡水、吸收CO2等服务的支付意愿,评估了4个海岛型旅游目的地的生态补偿标准;并从游客个人收入差异、生态系统服务差异、游客旅行成本差异等3个方面分析了4个海岛型旅游目的地人均生态补偿标准差异的原因.结果表明:①2013年,4个海岛型旅游目的地的生态补偿标准分别为普陀山44464.22×104元,朱家尖7736.76×104元,桃花岛4324.54×104元,南北长山岛6756.98×104元;②4个海岛型旅游目的地人均生态补偿标准(人均WTP值或人均PES值)分别为普陀山74.77元/人次,朱家尖72.34元/人次,桃花岛68.95元/人次,南北长山岛51.58元/人次;③游客个人收入差异是海岛型旅游目的地人均生态补偿标准差异的主要影响因素.     

Language life or language death: A matter of perspective in an endangered linguistics

Lamb, Sydney M. and E. Douglas Mitchell, eds. Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. xii + 411 pages, hardcover $45.00.

Robins, R. H. and E. M. Uhlenbeck, eds. Endangered Languages. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992. xiv + 273 pages, hardcover $39.50.     

Protagonists and politics in the Italian women's movement: a reflection on the work of Annarita Buttafuoco

This article retraces Annarita Buttafuoco's work as a historian of the women's political movement in Italy through a brief survey of her essays and books. These covered more than two centuries of history, ranging from the echoes of the French Revolution in Italy and the constitution of the Jacobin Republics to the struggles for female suffrage and emancipation in the liberal era down to the period after the Second World War and the founding of the Italian Republic. Emphasizing the originality of both the sources and the methodological approaches she used, the article offers a critical appreciation of Annarita Buttafuoco's research and her role in organizing and shaping collective research projects. It is focused on three specific issues: the history of women as conscious historical subjects, the history of women's political movements not only in their social and political contexts but also in relation to institutional networks and the practices of citizenship.     

湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游场域的三维构造——一个人类学的视角

在布迪厄“场域理论”研究架构下,本文以福建湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游场域为对象,透过对该场域时间、空间和阶层三维构造特征的分析,展现其文化资本和旅游情境的形成过程,在场域逻辑的探寻中呈现旅游场域的成型历程。     

A new perspective on Late Holocene social interaction in Northwest Alaska: results of a preliminary ceramic sourcing study

This research examines the evidence for prehistoric ceramic exchange networks over the last 2000 years in northwest Alaska through the use of neutron activation analysis of ceramic artifacts. Results from ceramic analysis on eight coastal and inland archaeological sites identified three source macrogroups and three associated subgroups. Clay source diversity and shared source macrogroups between geographically distant sites suggest the use of multiple sources and/or the movement of pots between production locales, mirroring related patterns in pottery stylistic data. Although additional analytical work is needed to fully understand the changing character of clay procurement and ceramic distribution across this time period, this study provides exploratory data on past ceramic production and distribution that hints at changes in exchange and territoriality in northwest Alaska during the late Holocene.     

明清时期海岛开发模式研究

明清时期,中国沿海地区很多居民以不同方式纷纷移居和开发中国近海海岛,使中国近海海岛的开发由传统单一的开发模式开始向以渔业、农业、海上走私贸易等为主的多样并举的开发模式转变。本文对明清时期海岛的开发模式进行了探讨,并就海岛开发模式的差异性及原因提出一些自己的看法。