Housing and Public Services in a Medium-Sized Russian City: Case Study of Tomsk

A team of Russian and American urban specialists examines variations in living conditions across 26 microrayons of a medium-sized West Siberian city (Tomsk, 2002 population of 487,700) deemed to be fairly typical of urban settlements in that size class. Detailed information derived from the mapping of intra-urban variations in housing type and age, health facilities, schools and other educational institutions, and access to public transportation is used to construct three public service indices representing the relative level of deprivation of urban residents. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D32, I32, O18. 9 figures, 2 tables, 17 references.     

晚清书院改制学堂的嬗变:以四川为例

晚清,西学东渐历史背景下,中国传统文化保存与传承是萦绕国人心中关乎国本之事.近代西学对传统学术造成冲击之时,学界要求保存传统文化的呼声越来越高,并不断付诸实践.作为中国传统社会培养人才的主要场所,书院制度在近代越来越受到冲击.要延续传统教育的发展,书院改制便迫在眉睫.在四川,书院改制成学堂的过程充满着复杂和纠葛,成为近代中国教育制度转型的缩影.     

A New Approach to Analyzing Historical Urban Growth of Ottoman Cities: Manisa Case Study

Abstract

The physical growth of cities is usually used to define the main direction of a city's development. This definition is key to understanding the city's current state and to plan for the future. Many urban planners agree that master plans should include historical urban growth and aim to specify the effective factors driving urban growth. However, defining urban boundaries and historical urban areas is a difficult task. The lack of satellite images, air photos, and real maps to use as base maps for historical urban studies is a problem that a researcher may face when determining patterns of urban development or conducting other analyses. In this article, the authors examine historical changes of the urban boundaries of the Ottoman city of Manisa. They analyze the physical growth of this large city by using the historical buildings (mosques, masjids, madrasas, baths, caravansary, and others) as markers.     

Limits to Democratic Development in Civil Society and the State: The Case of Santo Domingo

Some scholars see civil society as key to democratization of the political system. In this view, pressure from civil society forces democratization of the state. However, this disregards the fact that changes in civil society's behaviour require changes in political society — changes are reciprocal. The demand–making strategies of grassroots organizations in the Dominican Republic in 1999 provide a good example of this dynamic: the incomplete nature of the democratic transition (specifically, the persistence of paternalism and clientelism) constrained the democratic strategy choices of the civil society organizations. Just as democratization within political society is inconsistent and incomplete, so will be the demand–making strategies of the grassroots towards the state. The Dominican case is of particular interest as it illustrates the blend of personalized and institutionalized elements characteristic of democratic transition.     

Nordic Investments in the Former Soviet Baltic Frontier: A Survey of Firms and Selected Case Studies

Nordic companies have been leaders in the rapid expansion of Western business into Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the St Petersburg area of Russia. While joint ventures were being developed prior to the demise of the USSR, investment rose sharply in early 1992. Our survey of companies from Nordic countries revealed a pattern of location and of adaptation to the conditions of former Soviet infrastructure, culture, politics and economy. Initial Nordic investment has renewed economic ties across the Baltic Sea, with inter‐country links stronger between specific countries. Frustrations with changing government rules, communications, work ethic, quality expectations and other conditions were expressed in interviews with managers of Nordic companies in the Baltic area. Optimism was tempered by continued uncertainty about Russian governmental policies and market potential.     

Spatial Reach of Office Firms: Case Study in the Metropolitan CBD of Tel Aviv, Israel

This paper, using the CBD of metropolitan Tel Aviv, Israel, as a case study, discloses the spatial range of linkages of office firms, situated in newly built office towers. The linkages explored, from the results of a sample of 120 office firms, are those held by office firms with clients, suppliers of goods and services, and with other service firms as partners or as subcontractors. The magnitude of the linkages is revealed in the context of Israel's recent entry into the post-industrial age and its rapid affiliation with the global economy, accompanied by functional restructuring of the service economy. It is also visible in the built environment of Tel Aviv, with large-scale construction of over thirty Class A office tower buildings. Complex spatial interrelationships are found, extending from their immediate metropolitan environment toward the world's leading economic centres. Future avenues of research are explored.     

武陵源世界遗产地的旅游网络构建和发生演变初探

本研究以武陵源世界遗产地为例,通过实地考察和深度访谈,运用产业集群理论对武陵源旅游的网络进行构建和研究分析。研究结果发现,武陵源旅游已经形成了一个复杂的、动态的、开放的、具备创新特征的网络,而这种具备创新特征的网络的形成对于武陵源旅游的集群化发展和保持持续竞争力具有重要意义。最后,文章提出促进目的地旅游网络发展的建议。     

美国国家公园交通政策的演变以约塞米蒂国家公园为例

约塞米蒂国家公园中的游客时空分布和交通路网显著相关,交通政策不仅影响游客的游览质量,也关乎自然资源的保护和利用.约塞米蒂国家公园从19世纪后期没有汽车的年代,到自驾盛行,再到现在开展综合交通和容量评估项目的交通政策演变简史,折射出整个美国国家公园体系中此类政策的历史.     

历史文本演化下的人物形象变迁:以萧山楼英传记为例

文献多有明代浙江萧山名医楼英入京为明太祖朱元璋治病的记载,但考查明清至今方志、宗谱中的楼英传记,发现这是一个在文本修饰中不断演化、加上口头传扬而形成的故事。精英阶层在楼英传记中为其"儒而未仕"进行委婉修饰,却促进了大众文化中楼英形象的"神仙化"转变,有必要通过文本回溯进行区分,慎重书写现代史志文本。     

中美调整租借物资管理模式的尝试与局限

中国战时生产局成立于中美关系因史迪威事件而产生裂痕的危机时刻,在中美两国调整租借物资管理模式的过程中发挥了关键作用。在美国战时生产顾问团的支持下,中国战时生产局统一援华租借物资的申请权,并取得制成军械以外租借物资的运输分配权和在华接收权,一定程度上缓解了中美双方因争夺租借物资管理权而产生的尖锐矛盾。但美方坚持保留存印租借物资的所有权和处置权,依照自身对战争形势的判断不断拨让援华租借物资,并由此介入中国内政,在援华租借物资的管理上依然占据主导地位。其中,美国军方把持租借物资管理权的态度尤为强硬,与白宫方面存在显著分歧。中国战时生产局成立后,中美双方恢复了租借事务上的密切合作,但美国并未因此加大租借援华的力度。这不仅揭示了战时中美军事合作机制的缺陷,而且反映出中国在美国战略版图中的边缘地位。     

Innovation Processes and Proximity: The Case of IDEON Firms in Lund,Sweden

Increasing pressure on innovativeness and collaboration is supposed to strengthen the importance of geographical proximity in innovation systems. But simultaneously there are 'globalization forces' and information and communication technology (ICT) developments that stress wider contexts and different dependencies to place and distance. With case studies of innovative firms at IDEON Science Park in Lund, the article presents analyses of the importance of proximity, related to the kind of knowledge and collaborative arrangements involved in innovation processes. Scope for 'untraded interdependencies' is discussed as well as the possible ICT impact of these collaborative relations. Argument for a three tier innovation system is put forward and its implications for regional innovation strategies are, concludingly, discussed.     

区域旅游发展格局形成要素及演变机制研究——以中部六省为例

在对区域旅游基本概念梳理的基础上,本文对区域旅游发展格局的要素选择方法和核心要素进行了分析,并以中部六省为例对区域旅游发展格局的形成要素和评价体系进行研究。本文认为,区域经济中的增长极开发模式、点-轴开发模式、核心-边缘开发模式、协作网络开发模式和竞合模式等是可以在区域旅游发展格局演变中借鉴和应用的模式。     

农村居民的旅游态度和出游特征研究--以湖南省为例

作者对湖南省浏阳市、华容县、新宁县和凤凰县四个代表样地的农村居民共1200人(户)，进行了闲暇旅游特征调查，详细分析了1077份有效样本。结果表明，农村居民旅游存在一般特征和地区的差异性。一方面，农村居民出游率不高，在旅游的动机上则表现为出游欲望普遍较高，但出游目的和旅游行为层次仍较低；另一方面，各地旅游特征存在差异，旅游认知和出游程度与当地旅游开发程度和经济水平成一定的正相关。文章最后对深入培育农村旅游市场提出了几点建议。     

The Evolution of Migration: the Case of Lapita in the Southwest Pacific

Migrations have occurred across the history of the genus Homo and while the movement of pre-modern humans over the globe is typically understood in terms of shifting resource distributions and climate change, that is in ecological terms, the movement of anatomically modern, and specifically Holocene, populations is often explained by human desire to discover new lands, escape despotic leaders, forge trade relationships and other culture-specific intentions. This is a problematic approach to the archaeological and behavioural explanation of human migration. Here an evolutionary and ecological framework is developed to explain various movement behaviours and this framework is applied to the movement of human groups from the inter-visible islands around New Guinea to the widely dispersed archipelagos of the southwest Pacific about 1000 BC. Labelled the Lapita Migration, this movement is explained as a selection-driven range expansion. The development of evolutionary and ecological theory to explain human movement facilitates empirical testing of alternative hypotheses and links different histories of human movement through shared explanatory mechanisms.