全球史观与近代早期世界史编纂

全球史是20世纪下半叶在美国兴起的一个史学流派,目前在西方乃至世界正在产生越来越大的影响。当今世界的全球化趋势、后现代学术的发展、东西方之间日益紧密的学术交流,是全球史产生的国际环境和学术背景。全球史以人类社会整体发展进程为叙述对象,超越西方史学以国家为单位的叙事传统,从学术发生学的角度颠覆“欧洲中心论”,以不同人群、社会、民族、国家之间的互动为切入点,开辟了考察世界历史的新视角,建立了编纂世界通史的新框架,具有鲜明的时代特点和理论启发性。但全球史忽视对各个社会内部发展动力的考察,表现出理论欠缺。“世界横向联系”历来是我国世界通史研究的薄弱环节,而全球史正好弥补我们的不足,因此在我国有重要的借鉴意义。笔者结合修订吴齐本(吴于廑、齐世荣主编的《世界史》)近代早期部分的工作,介绍在编纂世界通史过程中尝试借鉴全球史方法和理论的体会。     

Cultivation History Beyond the Periphery: Early Agriculture in the North European Boreal Forest

We have investigated the environmental history of human occupation and the development of agriculture in the eastern interior Lake District of Finland. The material consists of archaeological data, which is reviewed in topographical and agrogeological context, and pollen analytical evidence of agricultural indices from eight precisely dated (varved) lake sediment sequences. Before the Viking Age, archaeological evidence, consisting of stray finds, dwelling sites, and graves, is very scarce. Iron Age finds are clearly confined to the lowland environs with silty and clayey soils. During the Viking Age, the number of stray finds multiplies and the first cemeteries are established. Comparison between Viking and Crusade Period finds reveals a topographic shift toward higher locations and morainic soils. Most of the cup-stones are located on upland sites—that is, not in connection with known Iron Age sites. These are interpreted as medieval indicators of slash-and-burn farming of the fertile but stony supraaquatic morainic soils. There is pollen analytical evidence of sporadic cultivation in the area from the Bronze Age onward. Afterca. AD 700, the occurrence of cereal pollen grains becomes regular but remains discontinuous at each site until after the turn of the millennium. There is then an exponential rise in the cereal pollen rain, indicating a fully agricultural population.