NAMING THE GREEKS IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD:“PANHELLENES,” “HELLENES,” “HELLAS” AND THE NOTION OF PANHELLENISM

The labels “Hellenes” and “Hellas” are often considered to be collective names for the Greeks and have a close connection with the term “Panhellenes.” This article studies the process of naming the Greeks in the Archaic period and the relationship between these collective names and the notion of Panhellenism. By a literary and etymological examination of the relevant sources, it suggests that the designation “Hellenes” probably did not evolve from that of “Panhellenes” and that the terms “Hellenes” and “Hellas,” but not “Panhellenes,” probably have generic significance in the sixth century. Furthermore, with the Olympic Games and the Hellenion, a Greek sanctuary in Naucratis, as two study cases, the article shows the complexity of the development of Greek identification. On the one hand, collective names like “Hellenes” and “Hellas” have a centripetal force on trans-regional occasions, and on the other, those events also feature competition, privilege and express civic identities of both individual and community, which seems to be divisive.     

民间石雕艺术

Chinese folk stone sculpture has long history in people's material and spiritual life, most of which are made by unknown craftsmen.They are of great value on art and historic culture to display splendid technique, tricky design and admirable creativity of ancient Chinese craftsmen. As to the use of stone sculpture, it can be used as the part and decoration of the architecture, formed to serve the religion or practical utensil for daily use or appreciation, which is might be called a grand book.     

论蒙古鹿石的年代及相关问题

The Deer Stone is an important cultural remain which is scattered a lot in Mongolia, Mainly in the west and northwest areas. It is also found in the Eurasian grasslands but very little in quantity. as for its age, there exist many different views for a long time. Actually the Deer stone displays a way of personification of stone statue, so we usually can find carved weapons and tools on the waist of it. Nevertheless, we can deduce the age according to these carvings. Archaeological discoveries in the northern-grasslands of China show that the carvings on Deer stone are all the typical vessels that were very popular in the late Shang period. Such as the beast-headed or bell-headed short sword with curved handle, the beast-headed sword with upright blade dagger, the ring-headed or double ring-headed short sword, the mushroom-headed short sword, the tub-shaped htchet, the arrow-shaped vessels and etc. Thus lead us to the conclustion that most of the Deer Stones must be of the late Bronze Age(11-7BC).As for the Deer stone culture‘s Similarity in some aspects to that of cultures like Lijiaya, Weiyingzi, third phase of Weifang culture or Xiajiadian culture in the north parts of China, that reflects the northern grasslands bronze culture of China left a strong influence on the cultures of Mongolia.     

＂HELEN OF ARGOS＂ AND ＂ARGEIOI＂ IN THE ILIAD - OBSERVATIONS ON THE FORMULAIC LANGUAGE -

In his article ＂Argos andArgives in the Iliad＂ （1979） Robert Drews argued for reviving an idea, first brought forward by William D. Geddes in 18782 and later on fully developed in Paul Cauer＇s ＂Grundfragen der Homerkritik＂, according to which the origins of heroic poetry and of the Iliad in particular are to be sought in the less civilized northern regions of the Mycenaean world, especially in the realms of Thessaly. This area was known to the composer of the Catalog of Ships as the ＂Pelasgic Argos＂; this was the home of the people called Hellenes and Achaians, who set out against Troy with 50 ships led by Achilles （Ⅱ.Ⅱ 681-685）.     

The United States Government and the Issue of Tibet during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

As far as China-US relations are concerned,the Tibet issue is one of those that appeared only in the past 100 years.It has never been an essential one in China-US relations.However,from the day that the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established,the Tibet issue turned out to be a long-term factor which has exerted an influence on the relations between the two countries over an extended period of time.     

LHARI COUNTY,A MAJOR LINK ALONG THE ANCIENT TEA-HORSE ROAD

正Lhari County is situated in a special part of Nagqu in the Tibet Autonomous Region. People living in the valley of southern Tibet often refer to it as north Lhari, and it is recognized as part of the area where north Tibetan culture continues to prevail. Nevertheless, the people of Nagqu itself like to call it south Lhari and believe it to be the place with the best     

New Duishie Songs That Namgyi Composed

From the point of view of Ngajor Namgyi, the original Duishie songs in Xigaze area are too simple to be called elegant and moving. He has composed many new Duishie songs building on a base of the original ones, and the new songs sound fairer and are more finger-snapping and enjoy a greater welcome from common residents and the people of the upper classes in Lhasa. The songs composed by Ngajor Namgyi include Listen to What Brother Says, Brother Soinam Dorje, Young Moon and seven others that are viewed as a treasure by people in Lhasa and in the entire Tibetan region. Others are as the follows:     

Marmot and Pika,the Elves of Changtang

<正>The marmot might be the least noticed mammal in Changtang.Though not rare in quantity and distribution,there are not as many as the Pikas which can be seen everywhere.As I set my feet on the land of Changtang for the first time,it was the small animals,like marmots,not the flagship species such as the Tibetan antelopes and wild yaks,which impressed me the     

浙江出土的金银器

The gold was put into use as early as Shang dynasty. From the late Tang dynasty on, the private gold and silver workshop came into being in accord with the improvement of excavation and workmanship systems, which stimulates greatly the gold and silver production in the southern China. Most of the gold and silver wares unearthed in Zhe Jiang are from Late Tang to Ming dynasty. Its categories and shapes are closely fit in with the needs of daily life.     

THE HAPPY LIFE OF BLACKSMITH SONAM WANGDU

<正>Farmers and herdsmen,after a busy year bringing in the harvest, turn their attention to domestic issues such as maintenance and the rebuilding and redecoration of their houses...in other words,they just want to make their homes comfortable as they prepare to face winter. To blacksmith Sonam Wangdu,this is his busiest season.Almost everyday he leaves home at sunrise and returns at dusk. White clouds wander across the sky while the trees are rustling in the breeze. They seem to be chatting with Sonam Wangdu,sharing his happiness in the substantial changes in the status of blacksmiths since the peaceful liberation of Tibet.In any case,his is a special trade in Tibet.     

Different Symbolic Meaning of Color in Chinese and Western Cultures

Colors are embodied with different meanings and symbols in different countries. Not only should we understand their basic and literal meanings, but also we should focus on their deep contents in symbolic meanings, because their symbolic meanings vary from culture to culture. The differences in the symbol of colors are due to different cultures and history backgrounds as well as aesthetic psychology. This paper, mainly based on the Chinese and western culture, approaches the symbols of colors represented in the two different cultures through analyzing the different understanding of colors, which can help us understand culture difference in colors better during intercultural communication.     

Aquatic Bird Winter In Lhunzhub County （Ⅱ）

EDITOR＇S NOTE The water birds wintering in Lhunzhub are peculiar to the many wetlands subject to special protection in Tibet. With a view to preventing overspending and destroying the hilly areas and the grasslands, the State has been working hard to seek protection of the wetlands, and the Forestry Bureau of Lhunzhub County seeks to control soil erosion by planting trees and gross. The problem is that the lacul.farmers are still ploughing the.fields deeper and deeper so as to increase their grain output, which endangers the living conditians of those water birds that survive by hunting for leftover grain in the fields, and the black-necked cranes especially are now on the verge of extinction.     

A Brief Analysis of Discrimination in Language Classroom——from the Perspective of Sociolinguistics

It is widely acknowledged that sociolinguistics is the study of language in certain context concerned with our society.Sociolinguistics and linguistics are intrinsically related to each other,but there has been difference as well.Linguistics research deals with language system itself,which belongs to the micro level on the one hand;many phenomena reflect discrimination in language classroom,these discrimination are caused by social factors to a certain degree.This paper makes a brief analysis of discrimination in language classroom from the perspective of sociolinguistics,which deals with many issues such as depiction of language discrimination、analysis of phenomenon and accordinglysolved measures.     

晚清与民国早期的美国政府和西藏问题（英文）

<正>As far as China-US relations are concerned,the Tibet issue is one of those that appeared only in the past 100 years.It has never been an essential one in ChinaUS relations.However,from the day that the People’s Republic of China(PRC)was established,the Tibet issue turned out to be a long-term factor which has exerted an     

Monasteries In Xigaze

Editor's Note: The Xigaze area boasts many monasteries of great importance to Tibet. They include the Tashilhungpo Monastery which is the residence of the Panchen Erdeni, the Xalhu Monastery which features Tibetan and Chinese architectural styles, the Palkor Monastery believed to be a shining art pearl in the Gyangze Plain, the Sagya Monastery known as Dunhuang the No. 2, the Ralhayungzongling Monastery which is one of the major monasteries of the Bon religion, and the Rongbu Monastery at the foot of the Qomolangmo. These monasteries are held as cultural relics units subject to national or regional protection.     

Modernization And Adjustment： Case Study Of Kham Village

When talking about Tibetans, people naturally think about Tibet （Tibet Autonomous Region, which will be referred to as TAR in the following text）, but seldom realize that the Tibetan region extends far past the borders of Tibet. Based on Tibetan historical and cui tural differences, the Tibetan region of China can be divided into three major sections： Kham （khams）, Amdo and Weizang（dbus-gtsang）. Nowadays, as a result of administrative divisions, the Tibetan region belongs to different administrative areas in five provinces. Weizang includes most of today＇s Tibet Autono- mous region. Kham and Amdo are both historical conceptions, Kham lying to the east of Weizang and Amdo to the northwest. Kham and Amdo are divided into different administrative areas. Kham includes today＇s Chamdo Autonomous Prefecture （TAR）, Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture and part of Aba Autonomous prefecture （Ganzi and Aba both belong to Sichuan Province）,     

THE UNGULATE IN CHANGTANG

正Changtang lies in the center of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.A paradise of wild animals,Changtang is one of the few places on Earth in which throngs of wild mammals can be observed.According to the forestry department,there are 28mammal,92 bird,and 13 fish species in Changtang.Though the species of wild     

THE CITY OF NICOMEDEIA AND THE GODDESS DEMETER

Bithynia is a region in the northwest of Anatolia bordered by the Black Sea （Pontus Euxeinos） to the north, the Dardanel Strait （Hellespontos） and Kocacay （Rhyndakos） to the west, and the Sakarya River （Sangarios） to the south. A point of the Asian continent extending towards Europe, Bithynia is surrounded by seas on its three sides and has a long shore. Nicomedeia, once the capital of Bithynia, is an important city due to its location. Since the gulf is gradually narrowing, it can easily be closed and defended. There are two routes from Nicomedeia. One leads alongside the shore towards the Marmara Sea, enabling the passage to the north and south or to the European shore across the peninsula.