试说乡村社会与中国佛教寺院和僧人的互相影响

中国古代的乡村寺院之社会作用有别于那些在城市或"名山"中的寺院。鉴于在古代中国,农村人口占全国人口的绝大多数,乡村民众的信仰成了宗教在社会存在的基础,所以乡村寺院对佛教的社会作用至关重要。这些乡村寺院和当地社会互相影响,寺院作为地方民众的重要公共场所,促进了农村的文化经济、习俗信仰和慈善事业,地方社会则影响寺院的僧人和信众之素质、宗教形态,甚至寺院建筑。     

比较视野下的海外华人基督教——以北美和东南亚为例的分析

论文在梳理北美和东南亚华人基督教发展概况的基础上,从比较研究的视角,分析阐述了海外华人基督教的一些特征。受多元异质文化的影响,海外华人宗教也呈现出多样化的形态。不仅中国传统宗教和民间信仰得以在海外传播和发展,西方基督教文化也在深刻影响着华人社会,华人基督教由此得到发展,尤其在北美和东南亚。北美以基督教文化为主流文化,华人基督教发展最盛;东南亚华人主要信仰中国传统宗教,但基督教的跨族群传播能力使其能够在华人社会中广泛传播。因此,华人基督教的发展程度受所在国宗教特性和政策的影响、华人基督徒教育水平相对较高、海外华人基督教信仰的社会服务功能在传教过程中发挥了重要作用。     

海外潮人对故乡慈善事业的贡献

善堂，是潮汕民间慈善救济机构，自古至今遍及各城镇、乡村，有数百个之多。从清末起，善堂香火随着潮人出洋谋生而传播到东南亚和美国、港澳台等国家和地区。潮人以此作联系纽带，为侨居地和桑梓大做善事，造福社会，感人肺腑，令老外学者惊叹。法国巴黎第十大学教授傅莫溯（法人取中文名），     

国际化与地方化：近代闽南侨乡的社会文化变迁

近代中国侨乡的社会文化变迁,深受海外移民的制约和影响。已有的研究成果表明,海外移民在推进侨乡现代化的过程中,强化了原有的乡土社会文化传统。本文通过考察闽南华侨的跨国生存状态、侨乡社会权势的转移及侨乡社会文化的传承,探讨近代闽南侨乡的国际化与地方化进程。所谓国际化,是指闽南侨乡的社会经济中心不断外移,海外华侨成为闽南侨乡的地方精英,海外世界与闽南侨乡的联系日益密切。所谓地方化,是指闽南侨乡的政治权力中心不断下移,侨乡建设与地方公共事务受到了空前的重视,本地社会文化传统得到了更新和延续。深入研究这一历史过程,对于探讨全球化时代地方传统的发展前景,无疑具有理论意义和学术价值。     

从三个典型谱牒看潮汕早期移民的若干特点

谱牒,是潮汕化的重要组成部份。潮汕化是本地的土化和中原的移民化,经过长期的相互影响、互相吸取,逐渐融合;而后来潮汕人大量移民海外,把中华化传播到五湖四海,同时又吸取世界上许多民族的优秀化因素,带回潮汕地区,跟原有的本地化结合起来,构成独特的、中国南方色彩的潮汕化。谱牒里面大量记载潮汕移民的历程,给潮汕化添上了浓墨重彩。潮汕的谱牒,是潮人移民历史的记录,同时也是今天祖籍潮汕的海外华人传统的历史见证。     

明代徽州汪公入黔考——兼论贵州屯堡移民社会的建构

在贵州安顺屯堡地区,人们大多以明初屯军后裔自居,始于徽州、随后移入贵州的正月十八抬汪公的古风犹存,对汪公的信仰远远超过了祖先崇拜的范畴,汪公成为屯堡的保护神。本文在对屯堡进行社会调查的基础上,从家族入手,追寻徽州汪氏家族一支与汪公入黔的关系,探讨作为社会文化现象的抬汪公仪式在屯堡移植和保存的意蕴,并以此作为探究文化与国家、社会之间互动关系的一个视角,说明明初大规模军事移民的国家行为,伴随着文化移植和文化认同的过程,国家观念通过文化传播深入民间社会,同时民间信仰起了社会整合作用。文化在国家和社会二者之间架起了沟通之桥,不仅参与了移民社会的建构,而且产生了一种令人震撼的力量,延续至今。     

移民社会的文化整合问题与统一后联邦德国文化多元主义的形成

德国统一后成为一个非典型移民国家。为应对外来移民文化与本国主流文化的整合问题,联邦德国形成了一套文化多元主义政策:一方面尊重和包容移民文化,另一方面要求移民必须在文化上融入主流社会。文化多元主义在文化机构、文化传播机构和宗教领域中的贯彻促进了德国非典型移民社会的文化整合。     

民族互嵌视野下的畲族海外移民研究——基于浙南文成侨乡的田野调查

论文以浙南侨乡文成县为田野调查点,基于畲汉民族互嵌的视角,分析了文成畲族海外移民的历史背景、动力机制、发展现状,阐释了侨乡畲族海外移民的时代意义。浙江文成县畲族海外移民既是中国改革开放的时代产物,也是文成县侨乡文化强烈辐射和畲族与汉族良性互动的结果。其深层动因则源于文成畲汉民族关系由形式上的互嵌向结构性的互嵌之顺利转型。文成畲族海外移民案例,标志着畲族历史变迁中的时代飞跃,有利于缩小畲汉发展结构性差异和增强畲汉民族关系的和谐,对当今畲族乡村振兴和畲汉民族关系发展亦具有重要启迪意义。     

新空间 新网络 新角色——博客对海外新移民与中国互动的影响

以新兴的网络传播手段——博客作为切入点,分析了海外华人新移民博客社区的种类和组织形态;阐述了海外华人新移民通过博客与中国社会互动的意义、方式及影响。通过博客这一新的互动工具和平台,海外新移民可更加直接而生动地了解中国变化,了解中国人的最新思维、心态和社会变迁;拓宽自身更大的社会交往空间、话语渠道、传播途径和社会影响;与中国原住地的原有关系保持思想上的无边界的联系,甚至参与中国的改变进程。     

同化、分化与异化:美国藏族移民的历史人类学考察

论文在田野调查的基础上,从历史人类学的角度着重考察藏族移民在美国生存发展过程中出现的新变化、新趋势。过去七十多年间,美国藏族移民不仅人口持续增加,生活状况有所改善,而且在整体发展上出现了诸多新情况、新特点:一方面民族特征日渐淡化,大有被美国主流文化完全同化之势;另一方面群体内部四分五裂、纷争不断,有些甚至发展到针锋相对、势不两立的地步。与此同时,藏族移民普遍信仰的藏传佛教也已严重异化,或被当作实现政治野心的工具,或被用于经营谋利乃至敛聚钱财,或被"改造"得面目全非,成为西方化的"美国佛教"。未来相当长的时间内,融入与同化、团结与分化、信仰传承与宗教异化的矛盾都将是美国藏族移民群体必须面对的一个问题。     

善堂——中国、新加坡和马来西亚的慈善寺堂

论文分析了中国慈善组织产生和发展的历史背景;简述了潮汕地区、新加坡和马来西亚三地善堂的基本情况以及善堂的跨国往来及其对潮汕地区的影响,同时描述了地方精英、尤其是商人,为推动善堂在中国及东南亚发展所做出的贡献。认为处在不同政治环境中的善堂都能以各自独特的方式求得平稳运行。宗教性质增强了这些善堂的适应能力,而在需要强调其非迷信性质的时候,布善乐施的传统也有助于确立其世俗和慈善的形象。     

Expanding women's rural medical work in early modern Brittany: the Daughters of the Holy Spirit

During the eighteenth century, orders of nursing sisters took on an expanded role in the rural areas of Brittany. This article explores the impact of religious change on the medical activities of these women. While limits were placed on the medical practice of unlicensed individuals, areas of new opportunity for nuns as charitable practitioners were created by devout nobles throughout the eighteenth century. These nuns provided comprehensive care for the sick poor on their patrons' estates, acting not only as nurses, but also in lieu of physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries. This article argues that the medical knowledge and expertise of these sisters from the nursing orders were highly valued by the elites of early modern Brittany.     

Gender and Class in Nineteenth-Century Catholic Charity: Categories of Difference in the Discourses and Practices of the Belgian Vincentians

During the nineteenth century, Catholic charity was an important source of poor relief in Belgium, as well as a means for Catholics to practice and express their devotion. Driven by a renewed religious fervour, men and women actively engaged in lay charitable organisations with the purpose of serving God through the poor and working towards self-sanctification. Historical research has especially noted women's charitable fervour, furthering the idea that the nineteenth century was characterised by a feminisation of religion. Recent studies have shown, however, that men did not become estranged from religion, and that multiple religious identities and practices existed at the same time across different contexts. Charity attracted both men and women, but the various masculinities and femininities that existed in the charitable space have seldom been explored. This study examines how gender roles were defined in the discourses of Catholic charities and the ways in which these roles structured social interactions among charitable actors, and between them and their recipients. To this end, two lay charities are taken as a case study: the Society and the Ladies of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, both committed to the practice of poor visits.     

An Analysis of Certain Finnish Origins

Religious poetry is generally considered the fruit of a people's long reflection on their relationship with their gods, with the ancestors, and with the partly seen and unseen universe. It is used to celebrate events in the life of the individual and the community, to express fellowship, and as a powerful means of communication. Thus, religious poetry is an integral element of a people's heritage. In this paper, I intend to present some forms of religious poetry, which are found among the Bakossi people of Cameroon, in order to show how magically-oriented formulaic expressions are used in order to maintain adherence to the normative order of society. The point I intend to make is that the incantatory form of religious poetry, was, and still is, used among the Bakossi people of Cameroon, as well as in other parts of rural Africa in terms of individual and communal education.     

东北沦陷时期日本殖民政权的伊斯兰教政策

九·一八事变后,日本帝国主义侵略中国东北,建立“伪满洲国”,大肆掠夺中国东北资源,欺压、奴役中国人民。为了达到长期霸占中国东北大好河山的目的,侵略者采取种种卑劣的统治手段,以宗教为工具,进行精神控制。伊斯兰教的穆斯林,就其信徒数量来说,居东北宗教人口的第二位,且又“最团结巩固”,日本殖民政权通过拉拢东北地区伊斯兰教上层人物,来离间伊斯兰教徒与中华民族大家庭的关系,引诱他们反对、分裂中国,妄想使其成为日本帝国主义的走卒,同时又对广大穆斯林采取监视、奴役、迫害的殖民主义政策。     

西藏传统建筑 高原上的创造力

藏族人民在漫长的营造实践活动中崇尚自然,适应自然,利用环境因素,因地制宜,就地取材,发明和积累了十分宝贵的建造技术和建筑经验,并为其注入了浓厚的宗教理念,形成了自己独特的建筑形式和建筑文化,并与严酷的环境和谐共存。西藏传统建筑雄浑与沧桑相伴古朴与科学共存,粗犷与华美相衬,技术与艺术同辉代表了中国历史上一个特定阶段传统建筑的构造特点,是罕贵、古老的民族建筑活化石。     

关于中国军队中朝鲜族官兵返回朝鲜的历史考察

朝鲜战争爆发前,中国军队中的一大批朝鲜族官兵先后返回朝鲜。这些官兵大都是自近代以来尤其是日本吞并朝鲜以来,从朝鲜半岛迁入中国东北的朝鲜族。特殊的历史环境造就了这些朝鲜族具有双重国籍的特性,也构成了战后朝鲜族部队形成、改编和回国的复杂背景。他们返回朝鲜,看似孤立的历史事件,但它源于自近代以来朝鲜半岛向中国移民的历史,源于中朝两国人民携手反抗日本侵略的武装斗争史,更源于战后初期在特殊历史背景下展开的中国共产党与朝鲜的关系。某种意义上讲,它是这种错综复杂的历史渊源关系发展的必然结果。     

Constructions of rural childhood: challenging dominant perspectives

This article reviews research on the lives and experiences of children and young people living in rural Minority world environments. The literature reviewed has focused on constructions of rurality in relation to children's experiences, most notably the rural idyll. Alternative constructions of rural childhood, characterised by dullness, horror and deprivation, are also apparent, and associated with insufficient rural activities, resources and transport, marginalisation and social exclusion. The more recent inclusion of children's perspectives on rural living provides a deeper understanding of rural childhood and challenges the dominant perspectives.     

危险的愉悦：早期美国华侨赌博问题研究（1850—1943年）

论文勾勒了早期美国华侨的赌博情形,分析了他们参赌、设赌的各种原因和社会危害,探讨了华侨社会、中美两国政府对华侨赌博问题管理和控制的效能。作者认为,早期大部分美国华侨热衷于赌博,主要是赌博为特定历史场景中的华侨提供了一种重要的社会活动方式,被他们视为实现黄金梦的一条捷径。经济利益的驱动致使华侨热衷开设赌馆,也使华侨堂号勾结警察,暴力护赌。赌博对美国华侨社会的危害是巨大的,它使一些华侨不能履行自己对家庭的义务和责任,还引发了吸毒、盗窃、＂堂斗＂等其他社会问题。在控制赌博的行动中,由于华侨社团和中国驻美领事权力有限,威望不高,而华侨赌商和堂号与美国警察互相勾结,致使禁赌行动难有成效。     

Between Religion and Superstition: Buddhism and Daoism in Guangzhou,China, 1900–1937

This paper illustrates how Buddhist and Daoist monasteries in Guangzhou, with their legal religious status, situated themselves within the new concept of the modern nation‐state, and how the distinction between religion and superstition affected ordinary people's religious lives. There were inherent tensions between religion and the modern nation‐state, and the survival of Buddhism and Daoism was determined by their subordination to the state ideology and to political authorities’ regulation. However, the government did not regulate the form of worship in government‐approved religious sites. Due to the syncretic nature of Chinese religion, the select few of the Buddhist and Daoist monasteries in Guangzhou, with government recognition as symbols of “true religions,” paradoxically served as a protective umbrella for the people to carry on with their “superstitious” practices. At the level of praxis, the line between religion and superstition was not as distinguishable as the government had envisioned.