“文明冲突”，还是种族主义？——试析法国政府的穆斯林移民政策

自20世纪60年代北非穆斯林大规模移民到法国以来,法国政府坚持以“共和模式”为标志的移民政策,促使穆斯林移民完全融入法国社会。然而,由于经常与穆斯林移民的宗教活动和宗教习俗“纠缠不休”,“共和模式”成为穆斯林移民融入法国社会的“瓶颈”;与此同时,法国社会对穆斯林移民及其后代的歧视与偏见,使得“共和模式”面临破产的境地。在新的形势下,法国的“共和模式”和穆斯林移民政策应该与时俱进。     

“拉维斯主义”的退隐:法国记忆史研究一瞥

拉维斯从19世纪末开始主持出版多卷本《法国史》,该书是第三共和国的历史课本,它以民族—国家为叙事框架,致力于协调民族观念与共和制度。它毫不讳言要成为民族与共和主义的教育工具。①这里拟从法国近年出版的《圣—加斯特战役:历史与记忆之间》一书出发,考察法国历史—记忆研究中的"反拉维斯主义"取向以及相关的理论思考。2009年,两位法国学者在一位英国同行的协助下,出版了《圣—加斯特战役:历史与记     

从清华简《系年》看“共和”与“共和行政”

被司马迁称之为“共和元年”的前841年,发生了中国历史上著名的“国人暴动”事件.对于“国人暴动”爆发后的西周王朝政局,司马迁在《史记?周本纪》中极为简略地将其记述为“召公、周公二相行政,号曰共和.”“共和”时期长达十四年之久,史称这段时期的政局为“共和行政”.学界对于“共和”及“共和行政”的原义聚讼纷纭,迄今尚无定论.本文在前人研究基础之上,运用多重证据和社会背景分析的方法,将汉代以前的传世文献与清华简、金文等新出资料相结合,认为“共和”是共伯和的简称,得出了“共和行政”实为共伯和名义上摄行王政但由周、召二公实际执政掌权的结论.     

晚清的“共和”表述

晚清时期“Republic/共和”概念的输入与接受,既是知识领域的跨文化互动问题,也是政治领域的现实行动选择问题.鸦片战争之后,中国人对西方共和概念的了解长期呈现名与实依违不定的特征.19世纪80年代初期,近代意义上的“共和”一词通过日文传入中国.1898-1902年间,梁启超等人经由日文著述对西方政体分类知识进行系统介绍,近代共和概念由此迅速流行开来,与革命潮流互为推演,并逐渐与中国古典“共和”划清界限.此后以梁启超和孙中山为代表,分别形成了两种竞争性的“共和”表述,前者侧重于知识和学理探讨,主张缓行共和;后者强调实际行动,主张跨越式速行共和.知识领域的问题与政治领域的问题相互交织,使西方共和概念的输入呈现为实与名的疏离.民初,“共和”成为耳熟能详的新名词,但制度移植的效果未能符合预期,以至于逐渐遭到质疑和批判.     

澳大利亚共和运动的起源和内涵

澳大利亚共和运动是一场事关国家政治制度变革和转型的社会运动,是当今澳大利亚社会颇为关注的热点问题。澳大利亚特有的共和主义以及澳大利亚民族的成熟和国家独立性的加强是这场运动的起源,并赋予它特定内涵。它从一个侧面折射出澳大利亚现代化的特色和发展轨迹。     

立宪乎，共和乎:辛亥革命前后杨度的心路历程

杨度的政治主张在辛亥革命前后发生了急剧转向:从主张君主立宪转向赞同民主立宪,并组织共和促进会,为建立民主共和制度而呼号。杨度政治主张的这种转变,是迫于客观形势的暂时策略,还是政治思想的根本转变?学界向来有不同看法。本文认为,杨度从主张君主立宪向赞同民主共和的转变,是一种暂时性的策略,并不是其政治主张的根本改变,更不能说他根本放弃了孜孜追求的君主立宪理想而倾向民主共和。从总体上看,杨度仍然是君主立宪的信奉者,赞同共和制度只是权宜之计,不过君主立宪的"君主"内涵有了根本不同:立宪君主不再是清帝,而是一代枭雄袁世凯。正是抱定借"君主"以实现立宪的思路,杨度才会撰写《君宪救国论》并发起筹安会,为袁世凯复辟帝制大造舆论。     

探寻美国革命的思想渊源——保罗·拉厄的《古代和现代的共和国》与共和主义范式之争

保罗.拉厄的《古代和现代的共和国:古典共和主义与美国革命》以共和主义为主题探讨了古典共和主义与美国革命的关系。拉厄力图开辟研究美国革命和建国的新路径,对共和学派的主旨和研究方法提出修正。《古代和现代的共和国》不仅体现了拉厄对共和学派主将波科克的挑战与批判,而且反映了20世纪60年代以来美国早期史研究领域的派别之争以及史学理论和研究方法的变动。他同时受到施特劳斯学派和自由主义传统史学的影响,卷入了施特劳斯学派与共和学派之间,"新洛克派"与共和学派之间的学术辩论。但他又不是完全照搬两派的主旨和研究方法,而是在两派的核心观点和研究方法基础上提出了新见解。     

从天津《大公报》的时评看民初政局

民主共和一直是孙中山等革命党人奋斗的目标,辛亥革命打破了几千年来的封建帝制,为共和制度在中国的确立与实施提供了契机。虽然在西方行之有效的民主制度在中国往往变形走样,但一心独裁的统治毕竟也不敢公然冒天下之大不韪,只能悄悄地偷梁换柱,逐渐地将民主共和转变     

晚清民国时期唐绍仪“民主共和”政治思想的历史考察

“民主共和”是唐绍仪政治思想的重要组成部分。唐绍仪幼年赴美留学期间是其“民主共和”思想萌芽的重要时期;第一次南北和谈期间,唐绍仪初步公开了他“民主共和”的政治思想;担任民国第一任内阁总理后,唐绍仪“民主共和”的政治思想日益公开化,并具体化为对西方民主制度中内阁、国会、约法等要素的效仿和学习;此后,唐绍仪在辞任内阁总理及与袁世凯决裂等事件中,体现出对“民主共和”思想的维护和贯彻。袁世凯去世后,愈发紧张的“内忧外患”局势及此前“民主共和”实践中的受挫均使唐绍仪认识到,“和平”对国家和人民十分重要,动荡时期国会和约法不可持续,由此,在“民主共和”思想中加入了“和平”这一思想前提。这也体现出唐绍仪的“民主共和”思想与中国国情和时局发展的联系日益紧密,其“民主共和”思想逐渐走向成熟。     

英国革命时期共和主义者对“自由”的理解

目前,共和主义已成为学术界的重要研究内容,文章将对英国革命时期的共和主义,特别是共和主义者对"自由"概念的理解进行初步的探讨,以期深化对共和主义思想的研究。回顾英国革命时期这些共和主义者对自由的表述,以及对思想家霍布斯理论的批评,可以看到霍布斯的那种"不受阻碍"的"消极自由"和共和派"避免依从"的"第三种自由"这样两种不同自由观的对立,而不同的自由观又导致了对不同政治体制的设计。因此,对于实现和保障我们的自由而言,回顾发生在英国革命时期的这场辩论就显得特别有意义。它激发起我们重新思考建立什么样的国家或者政治体制才能使人们避免受到强制和奴役,才能切实保障其自由和权利。     

Kant and the Two Principles of Publicity

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to argue that the principle of “publicity” constitutes a fundamental idea in Kant’s political thought. Publicity provides a central insight that binds together various strands of Kant’s political writings (on issues as diverse as the question of Enlightenment, the right of revolution, historical teleology, reflective judgment, cosmopolitan citizenship, democratic peace, and republican government), and moreover, it offers a much-needed cornerstone for a systematic exposition of his nonexistent political philosophy. Apart from some eminent examples, publicity has been a rather neglected topic in the ever-expanding literature on Kant’s political ideas. Revisiting this notion will make us more attentive to his evocation of the “spirit of republicanism” over and above the letter of the law, and might prompt us to reconsider Kant’s reputation as a classical representative of liberal political thought. Indeed, it should inspire us to situate Kant’s appeal for the “public use of reason” in the vicinity of the republican ideal of political liberty.     

从君宪到共和:袁世凯的一段心路历程

在辛亥传统叙事框架中,袁世凯重出江湖后一味搅局:先是利用武昌危机与清廷讨价还价攫取权利;继则用清军打压南方,威逼革命;终则利用南方革命党人逼退清帝,进而交换中华民国大总统宝座,"窃取"辛亥革命胜利成果。这个传统叙事框架在过去特殊年代自有其解读的合理性,但显然不是从史料发出,用事实论证,多少带有以袁世凯后来帝制自为倒推其重出江湖时的心情和作为,与历史事实具有相当差距。本文根据新旧史料最大限度还原袁世凯在武昌起义后的一段心路历程,重建袁世凯从君宪到共和的踌躇、无奈、顺势及转变的限度。本文认为,作为晚清重臣,袁世凯从维新到新政,再到仿行立宪,一路走来,基本上充当着晚清政治变革重要推手,他们那一代政治精英能够认同的也就是君主立宪,所以袁世凯重出江湖后的政治选择就是利用政治危机推动政治变革,实现君主立宪,只是当君主立宪被各方面抛弃后,袁世凯方才顺势而为,变成一个有限的共和主义者。     

From political enemy to profane reality: the ‘friend–enemy’ relation in the political ideology of Italian communists

Abstract

The ‘friend–enemy’ relation represented an essential ideological mainstay of the thought and action of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the years of republican Italy. This relation goes back to the aftermath of World War I when Soviet communism became established as a global revolutionary movement. The PCI’s strategy of delegitimation of political opponents underwent substantial changes over the years of republican Italy. The long period spanning Togliatti and Berlinguer’s leadership of the party saw a change in political culture destined to alter the very nature of the ‘friend–enemy’ relation. Particularly in the 1970s, with the so-called ‘moral question’, a new antiparty public discourse became established and was implemented mainly against the parties in government. This paved the way to a more radical and absolute logic of enmity that, in the long run, overwhelmed the PCI itself in the dramatic transition from First to Second Republic.     

Republican citizenship in the post-Civil War South and French Algeria 1865–1900

This essay compares the American South and French Algeria from 1865 to roughly 1900. Their similarities and connections reveal the paradox of republicanism in an era of growing nation-state power. The Civil War’s outcome, particularly slavery’s abolition, inspired American and French liberals alike. But after bold initiatives to establish full citizenship for people of color in the 1860s, provincial, white rule was established in both territorial areas. Fears of socialism provoked by the Paris Commune figured in this pivot. The essay shows us transnational aspects of race-based, contingent citizenship in the post-slavery era of these two republican empires.     

The politics of disenchantment: Marcel Gauchet and the French struggle with secularization

ABSTRACT

This article looks at Marcel Gauchet’s major metahistorical statement, The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion (1985), and uses it to advance a series of claims about the place of secularization in debates within and about French politics, especially in relation to modern French history. The argument is put forward that Gauchet’s work is best understood as offering an alternative philosophy of history to Marxism that could serve to support a broadly republican realignment of French politics in the 1980s. Revisionist historiography concerning the French Revolution likewise played a role in this development, and served as a prerequisite of sorts to Gauchet’s broader historical project. The article also considers Gauchet’s work in light of postmodern skepticism of the utility of historical metanarratives.     

To Make a Revolutionary Cuisine: Gender and Politics in French Kitchens, 1789–1815

This essay investigates the political significance of gender in French kitchens and cuisine during the French Revolution. Integrating a wide range of published and archival sources, it highlights the brief moment when women's work as cooks symbolised republican virtues, before examining the forces that ultimately retrieved male cooks’ reputations from association with their aristocratic employers to be considered artisans emblematic of a new nation that integrated the past glories and the present ideals of France.     

关于南京临时政府的性质问题

南京临时政府中的“立宪派”、“旧官僚”都是他们未参加革命以前的身份。武昌起义以后,他们分别放弃了君主立宪主张,投入革命行列;宣布独立光复,脱离清朝政府,加入民国军政府。他们与革命党人和其他革命志士一起组成了革命统一阵线。南京临时政府就是这革命统一阵线的革命政府,并且是按照同盟会《军政府宣言》和《临时政府组织大纲》的规定建立起来的行政、立法二权分立的民主共和政体,并奠定了向行政、立法、司法三权分立政体过渡的法律基础。其职能也发生了根本的转化,从封建专制统治转化为现代国家公共事务管理的文明政府。     

Feature Reviews

Abstract

Thomas Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia, first published and distributed to the American public in 1787, presented his mature thoughts on politics, amid a vast array of themes reflective of his own encyclopedic studies. The diverse contents and unusual form of the work have often led modern readers to neglect its overarching political purpose. We argue that when read as a unified whole shaped by an explicit literary structure and rational method, Jefferson's Notes lays the foundation for a new science of republican politics. By engaging and revising key aspects of both the Bible and Enlightenment science, whenever either asserts authoritative claims beyond rational scrutiny that obscure or distort nature, Jefferson overturns false idols that impede our inquiry into natural laws and natural right, and the proper grounds of republican government.     

Les deux identite´s de la France

Regionalism is an important element in the representation of French identity. Often considered as a right-wing ideology, it appeared as a left-wing movement in the 1960s, and references to regionalism are to be found in much French political discourse today. This article highlights the place of the regionalist element in French identity by advancing the hypothesis that for more than a century there has been a dual French identity. The Third Republic asserted that France was 'one and indivisible', but also that the country was richly diverse. The exaltation of diversity permitted the reaffirmation of French superiority over other nations. In order to develop a mass education grounded on patriotic feeling, those responsible for education declared that this had to be based on children's spontaneous affection for their 'petite patrie'. The regional identities celebrated in republican France are not at odds with national identity. The process of constructing national identities in Europe led to the creation of a 'check-list' forming the basis of all national identities. Regional identities were constructed on the basis of a dual relationship between the local and the national: the model of the national as a perfect mosaic of diversity, or the model of the 'mise en abyme', that is, the local representing the national in miniature.     

Two Decades of French Urban Policy: From Social Development of Neighbourhoods to the Republican Penal State

This paper provides an overview of French national urban policy for the period 1981–2002, organized around three themes: spatial conceptualizations of intervention areas and changing scales of intervention, discursive articulations of intervention areas, and legitimation of state intervention. By relating the transformations of this policy to the contemporary restructuring of the French state, the paper argues that although there are elements of convergence, the contemporary restructuring of the French state differs remarkably from a US or UK‐style neoliberalization, partly because of the republican tradition emphasizing the active role of the state for the well‐being of its citizens. This restructuring carries the signs of the strong state tradition in France, and is best understood as an articulation of neoliberalism with established political traditions, an articulation that I try to capture with the notion of a “republican penal state”.