关于中法战争时期李鸿章违旨问题考辨

本文对以前认为李鸿章在签订李福协定时存在的违旨问题进行了辨析.经过将清延授权和李福协定内容进行比对,认为李鸿章基本是按照授权谈判的.传统说法在藩属、通商问题的理解上存在误解.李福协定中放弃越南的关键原因,是甲申易枢后清廷对越目标发生变化,把保护越南看作是李福协定后的善后问题.     

镇南关大捷之后清廷为何与法国议和

正1885年中法战争中的镇南关大捷,老将冯子材率军浴血奋战,使得法军全线崩溃,形势一片大好。而此时清廷却选择议和,签订《中法新约》,放弃越南的宗主权。这是为何?一是李鸿章等清廷决策者深知镇南关大捷只是局部胜利,很难从根本上扭转在越南的不利局面。镇南关以南的大部分地区仍被法军占领,法     

论1900年庚子事变中的李鸿章

甲午战争后,李鸿章失去了他往日显赫的权势。然而在1900年,他又“夺回”了失去的政柄,再次成为左右清朝政局的关键性人物。何以致此?1900年所发生的庚子事变,当是重要环节。一甲午战后的李鸿章,“虽身存而名己丧”。直到1899年底,除充任清廷头等出使大臣赴俄贺沙皇加冕外,大部分时间养闲京国,“几有求生不得,求死不能之势”。1899年12月9日,清廷任命李鸿章署理两广总督。这是李鸿章在1900年能“夺回”权力的先决条件。李南任粤督之因何在?以往论者认为有二:与后党要镇压康有为、梁启超有关;李本人曾要求清廷授予他封疆大吏之权。笔者认为,还有另外两个原因:     

李鸿章宗藩思想简析

宗藩思想是李鸿章外交思想的一个重要方面。对于晚清重要的藩属国越南和朝鲜所出现的危难,李鸿章在处理和交涉的过程中,依据其与中国国防安全层次的不同,采取了不同的处理方式。在越南问题上,李鸿章放弃了传统的“守在四夷”观念,主张放弃对越南的援护。而对于朝鲜问题,鉴于地理位置的重要,李鸿章主张采取逐步强化中国的宗主权。     

中法越南交涉时期中国的"瓯脱"筹议

中法越南交涉时期,随着边疆形势日益危迫,"瓯脱"古法逐渐受到中国朝野重视.自1882年起,曾纪泽屡向法方阐发"隔阂"理论,法国则顺水推舟,提出有名无实的"瓯脱"方案.法国方案虽遭中方驳斥,但因越南局势变化,旋为醇亲王等人所注重.李福协定签订前后,国内请设"瓯脱"之声渐起.至《中法新约》议订时期,清廷亦开始积极谋划"瓯脱".中法勘界前夕,清朝关于"瓯脱"的呼声更是空前高涨,然终因法方强烈反对而停息.这一时期的"瓯脱"筹议,深刻地反映出晚清国人利用传统思想资源挽救边疆危局的努力,其中亦足见清朝疆土观念走向近代的曲折.     

李鸿章与郭嵩焘的友谊

在洋务派中,清廷政要认为李鸿章能见其大,丁日昌能致其精,沈葆桢能尽其实,郭嵩焘既精且大.李鸿章与郭嵩焘都是洋务派的佼佼者,志同道合,互相支持.又同受守旧派的攻讦,同病相怜,互相同情,互相安慰,形成了他们之间的深厚友谊.     

李鸿章遗片保荐袁世凯说质疑

李鸿章的遗折证明,其中并无传统所说的保荐袁世凯继任直隶总督的内容。又有学者提出李是在遗折的附片中保荐袁世凯的。本文论证,清廷对袁世凯督直的任命,发表在收到李鸿章遗折之前,而且李鸿章遗折中根本没有保荐袁世凯之附片。袁世凯继李鸿章之后督直,是时势使然,无须借重李氏的保荐。     

邓承修与中法桂越段边界交涉——以台北“故宫博物院”典藏桂越段边界条约档案为中心

清中期以前,越南被视为藩属,清廷未曾与其划分明确界线。中法战争后清廷与法国签订《中法会订越南条约十款》,越南与清朝藩属关系断绝,划界之议遂启。光绪十一年,清廷派邓承修与法国官员进行划界事宜谈判,经过冗长的交涉辩论,最终双方签订界约、绘制界线舆图。台北“故宫博物院”藏邓承修与法国勘界官员所订条约、界图和相关档案,是还原这段桂越段边界交涉情形的重要资料。     

刘坤一与戊戌己亥政局

身为两江总督的刘坤一在戊戌己亥政局中扮演了极其重要的角色。戊戌政变发生后,刘坤一凭借自己在戊戌变法中的"清白"表现,对清廷的株连、复旧乃至废立,大加谏阻,对于维持政变后的朝局起到了重要作用。刘坤一也因此赢得了时人的赞誉。但他意在维持大局的直谏,并没有得到清廷的谅解,随后清廷对刘坤一用人问题的警告及派刚毅南下,都显示出了对刘的不信任。最终,刘坤一被清廷视为废立路上的绊脚石,以"虚美名目"的觐见解除其兵权。而刘坤一参与东南互保的事实,亦显示出戊戌己亥年间其对清廷的不满。东南互保中,刘坤一与李鸿章、张之洞等人的集体行动,似又折射出政变之后一意趋旧之清廷与洋务督抚间的微妙关系。     

左宗棠收复新疆二三事

左宗棠的一生中,最辉煌的部分是收复六分之一的国土——新疆。这是他个人的荣耀和骄傲,更是国家之福。这一使命始于1875年春天,那年的5月3日,清廷任命左宗棠为钦差大臣,督办新疆军务。在此之前,关于新疆问题,清廷重臣李鸿章与左宗棠有分歧。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.