正确认识中国计划经济体制的历史作用 坚定新中国的历史自信

2023年是新中国第一个五年计划建设实施70周年，也是计划经济体制开始运行70周年。新中国选择计划经济体制，具有历史的必然性和合理性。计划经济体制在我国实行的40年里，不仅使我国工农业和各项事业有了突飞猛进的发展，而且还形成了独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，建成了一大批支撑我国工业基础的骨干企业，奠定了社会主义现代化建设的技术基础，积累了我们党领导经济工作的丰富经验。今天回顾和评价计划经济体制的历史，必须站在新时代的思想高度，同时把问题放在一定的历史条件来观察和分析，弄清楚新中国成立初期为什么要选择计划经济体制，20世纪90年代初为什么要把计划经济体制改为社会主义市场经济体制，在市场经济前面为什么要加上“社会主义”这个定语。我们研究计划经济体制的历史作用，是为了不割断历史，铭记那个年代党和人民的奋斗实践与伟大成就，批判历史虚无主义思潮对新中国历史的诋毁，总结历史的经验与教训，更好地发挥政府在社会主义市场经济中的作用，为中国特色社会主义建设行稳致远、党的第二个百年奋斗目标胜利实现，提供精神激励和智力支持。     

换个视角看计划－－一个需要旧题新做的讨论

面对即将要制定、实施“十五”计划,有必要重新认识计划,并把计划与计划经济区别开来,把传统计划经济体制下的高度集中的指令性计划及与其相配套的计划经济体制同市场经济中宏观控制下的指导性计划及其与市场经济相适应的计划经济区别开来,充分认识市场经济中计划及计划经济的作用,发挥其应有功能。     

李富春与第一个五年计划

<正>在新中国成功编制第一个五年计划（以下简称“一五”计划）70周年之际，研究和总结这段历史是一件很有意义的事情。“一五”计划与时任国家计划委员会主任的李富春有密切的关系。李富春作为党的第一代领导集体的成员，不但在“一五”计划的编制和实施中发挥了重要的作用，而且他把后半生都献给了新中国的计划经济工作。退休以后我有时间去整理外祖父李富春的经历。我曾和原国家计委一位理论功底深厚的老领导有过深入交流，也向房维中、金冲及等同志请教过。     

试论新疆兵团屯垦戍边的三大作用

在新疆组建生产建设兵团,是党中央治国安邦的一项战略性决策,也是中国几千年来屯垦戌边遗产的一个重要体现。当前,构建和谐兵团最重要的任务,就是反对“三股势力”,更好地发挥“推动改革发展、促进社会进步的建设大军”、“增进民族团结、确保社会稳定的中流砥柱”和“巩固西北边防、维护祖国统一的铜墙铁壁“三大作用。     

发展社会主义市场经济与加强党的思想建设

党的十四大报告指出,当前“我们一定要结合新的实际,遵循党的基本路线,坚持党要管党和从严治党,加强和改进党的建设,努力提高党的执政水平和领导水平,使我们这个久经考验的马克思主义政党,在建设有中国特色社会主义的伟大事业中更好地发挥领导核心作用。”这段话不仅体现了邓小平党的建设思想,而且指出了党的建设要结合新的实际,从严治党,使其在社会主义现代化建设中,更好地发挥领导核心作用。本文将围绕党的思想建设,以及党员的思想观念的更新谈几个认识。一、市场经济条件下党的思想建设的特点和规律从高度集中的计划经济体制…     

黄山市地方志系统读志用志概况

文章从四个方面对黄山市地方志系统读志用志的情况进行了论述。一是发挥资料库的作用,为“三个文明”建设服务;二是发挥咨询作用,为领导决策提供依据;三是发挥智囊团的作用,为黄山市的社会经济文化发展建言献策;四是发挥联络作用,为黄山市的招商引资做贡献。     

论中国社会主义市场经济发展的六个阶段

社会主义市场经济在中国相继经历了萌芽、受挫、恢复探索、理论形成、体制建立、完善成熟等六个发展阶段。中国共产党在1956年完成三大改造之后就开始了这一探索过程,毛泽东等第一代领导集体对社会主义市场经济的探索是中国社会主义市场经济的萌芽阶段,所取得的成果是邓小平经济理论的源头和起点;从“计划经济为主,市场调节为辅”到尝试“计划与市场内在统一”的社会主义有计划商品经济体制,再到建立适应社会主义有计划商品经济发展的、计划经济和市场调节相结合直到社会主义市场经济的经济体制和运行机制,中国共产党对社会主义市场经济的认识日益深化,我国经济体制改革在理论和实践上取得重大突破和进展。中国社会主义市场经济的发展过程,说明了市场经济是人类文明的重要成果,是经济发展不可逾越的客观规律。     

30—40年代中国思想界的“计划经济”思潮

20世纪初,西方资本主义国家严重的经济危机和苏俄第一个五年计划的顺利完成,促使中国思想界从30年代起出现了颇具影响的“计划经济”思潮。倡导既有国民党上层人物也有自由派知识分子,均试图以采用政府干预的办法,避免出现严重的经济危机和尖锐的社会矛盾,把“计划经济”视作人类社会的必由之路。这一思潮导致其后政治上“大政府小社会”的格局,也引起人们对于“计划经济”与其赖以实现的政治条件的思考：“计划经济”必须与民主政治相结合,才能真正推进社会生产的发展。     

中国计划经济的重新审视与评价

中国经济体制在20世纪的后50年里,就经济运行来说,经历了一个由计划与市场并存向计划经济转变、再由计划经济向市场经济转变的螺旋式发展过程。中国在50年代之所以选择计划经济体制,除主观认识因素外,当时的工业化压力、资源短缺和政府动员能力强也是重要因素。计划经济体制形成后的20年里,尽管它在集中资源加快独立工业体系的建立方面发挥了重要作用,并基本保持了高积累下的社会稳定,但是它最大的缺陷是不能长久实现社会主义所追求的高效率,而这正是计划经济被社会主义市场经济所取代的真正原因。     

“农村发展组”:八十年代的改革互动

近年来,人们在关注、研究上世纪80年代中国改革开放的历史,特别是中国农村经济改革与发展的历史时,包括我自己在研究80年代民间政治、思想史时,都不约而同地注意到了"中国农村发展问题研究组"(以下简称"发展组")。"发展组"是"一群自愿者"的自由组合,但却"颇有深度地参与了高层决策",在80年代的改革中发挥了相当重要而独特的作用。     

Degrees of Engagement: Using Cultural Worldviews to Explain Variations in Public Preferences for Engagement in the Policy Process

Scholars have been studying the concept of public engagement and its role in the policy process for some time. Scholars have argued that understanding the interests and motivations of the public and engaging them in the decision‐making process can lead to better policy designs and, ultimately, better policy outcomes. However, studies of public engagement often assume that people have a desire to get involved in the policy process. This paper tests this key assumption using the case of nuclear facility siting in the United States to ask: what factors influence an individual's stated willingness to want to engage in the policy process? Using data from a national web survey fielded in 2013, we ask the public if and to what extent they would likely engage in the siting process if given the opportunity. Findings indicate that the likelihood of engagement varies rather substantially across individuals. We find that an individual's cultural belief system and existing level of political activity account for some of this variation. These findings suggest that public engagement programs may vary across groups and communities. In other words, the prospects of engagement are likely to appeal to some members of the population and not others.     

When Do We “Just Say No”? Policy Termination Decisions in Local Hospital Services

This paper develops a two‐stage decision‐making model of the public policy termination process, which integrates political and economic influences on local decision makers. We empirically explore the model using data on the provision of local public hospitals in California over 1981–95. The results provide support for the model as we find that triggering events as well as characteristics of the local decision‐making context affect the termination decision. For the case of public hospitals, we find that lower state and local revenue growth rates increase the likelihood of termination, while decision makers in communities with a larger local health budget, more unionized public employees, and a larger private hospital sector are less likely to terminate local public hospitals. The implications for public policy and for our understanding of the termination process are discussed.     

Civic Culture and Housing Policy in Manchester, 1945-79

This article develops three themes. First, we have shown that,whilst local housing policy was channelled by government initiatives,funding patterns and local expert opinion, local political andcivic values gave rise to a policy orientation that had a significantinfluence on the lives and perceptions of public sector tenants.Secondly, we demonstrate that the tenacious hold of civic andpolitical values contributed to the Labour Party’s politicaldifficulties by making it resistant to change in the 1960s and1970s, when a shift in approach was necessary to manage changingcircumstances. Finally, by exploring the impact of a constantlyreformulated local discursive and cultural tradition, we illustratethe explanatory value of a developing but still largely suggestiveconceptual approach. Studying the urban politics of post-warBritain can add to our understanding of the policy process,provide significant insights into the world of the Labour Party,and focus attention on the role of the consumer in post-warpolitics.     

STATE-LEVEL COORDINATION AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

General propositions about the policy resources of a state higher education coordinating board, some determinants of state–level coordination of institutions of higher education, the function of conflict in coordination, the role of a coordinating board in policy making., and conditions under which coordination of institutions and policy implementation may be successful are presented. The conclusion is that a coordinating board, plays an important system–maintenance function and that it is an active rather than passive policy actor, that there are several conditions under which coordination and policy implementation may occur, and that a coordinating board's ability to implement policy in especially dependent upon the political support that it receives and its ability to mobilize resources outside the higher education system.     

Trust and Understanding in Participatory Policy Analysis: The Case of the Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council

Participatory policy analysis (PPA) has been recommended as a means for better informing the policy process and reinvigorating citizen participation in government decisionmaking. This study analyzes the Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council (FRAC), a stakeholder form of PPA, to assess trust and understanding, which PPA proponents suggest is important for democratic governance. Findings indicate that process design and the roles of science and social values in decisionmaking affected trust and understanding among participants and in the FRAC process. This case highlights challenges in making PPA operational and in addressing positivist and postpositivist perspectives within PPA.     

The ideological roots of failure: the application of kinetic neo‐liberalism to Iraq

This article argues that American policy towards Iraq went through four major shifts between the invasion in 2003 and the announcement of the surge in 2007. The best way to understand the Bush administration's evolving policy towards Iraq is by examining the ideological parameters within which it was made. The article assesses various approaches to understanding the relationship between ideology, policy making and foreign policy, concluding that ideology shapes the paradigm and analytical categories within which foreign policy is made. A major change in foreign policy originates either from the decision‐maker consciously recognizing and attempting to rework the ideational parameters within which policy is made or in reaction to ‘discrepant information’ or ‘anomalies’ that destabilize the paradigm and its analytical categories. The article goes on to examine the extent to which both neo‐liberalism and neo‐conservatism shaped George W. Bush's foreign policy. It identifies a series of major analytical categories that originate from within these two doctrines and shaped policy towards Iraq. The article argues that the four major shifts in Bush's policy towards Iraq were forced upon the administration by the rising tide of politically motivated violence. Ultimately this violence forced Bush to abandon the major analytical categories that, up to 2007, had given his policy coherence. In order to extricate his administration from the quagmire that Iraq had become by 2006, Bush totally transformed his approach, dropping the previously dominant neo‐liberal paradigm and adopting a counter‐insurgency doctrine.     

浅析中国政府在中印边界争端中的危机处理

1962年前后,印度政府在中印边境地区推行的“前进政策”,不仅挑战了新中国外交政策的根本原则,而且严重威胁了中国西南边境的安全与稳定,使得中印两国围绕边界问题的争端发展成为一场国家关系危机。中国政府应对这场危机的决策过程,既体现了危机处理的一般规律,又反映了中国领导人进行危机决策的一些独特的原则和方式。     

Collaborative Governance of Climate Change Adaptation Across Spatial and Institutional Scales

We examine two related questions that are key for understanding collaborative outcomes in complex governance systems. The first is the extent to which collaboration among policy actors depends upon their joint participation in policy forums. The second is how the scales at which these forums operate conditionally affect the likelihood of collaboration. We address these questions using data from a recent survey on actors’ collaborative interactions as well as their participation in climate change adaptation policy forums in the Lake Victoria region in East Africa. Exponential random graph models show that actors are more likely to collaborate if they jointly participate in policy forums. However, this effect weakens at progressively higher spatial levels at which forums operate. Similarly, collaboration is less likely among actors jointly participating in forums that sponsor decision making at the higher collective choice level rather than lower operational choice level. While policy forums may catalyze collaboration, our findings suggest that their capacity to do so may be subject to scale‐dependent transaction costs of political contracting.     

从地缘政治视角看美国边界安全的空间特征与政策变化——兼论对中国边界安全的启示

本文将美国边界安全置于地缘政治视角之下进行研究,通过对美国边界的空间形态与特征进行分析,总结美国边界安全在当前空间状态下存在的有利和不利因素。在全球反恐背景下,以"9·11"事件作为转折点,对比恐怖主义袭击前后20年美国政府在边界安全政策问题上的认知和态度变化,在对美国边界安全政策进行梳理后,阐述在新的边界安全环境下,美国所采取的保障陆海空边界安全的一系列强有力措施。在此基础上提出了美国经验对中国边界安全的五点启示,以期对中国的国家安全政策和实践提供借鉴。     

Shifting meanings in changing contexts: the role of the creative city in Shanghai,Hong Kong and Taipei

Abstract

This paper probes the underlying motives behind the adoption of the ‘creative city’ policies in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei. It argues that while the global appeal of the creative city is commonly attributed to urban entrepreneurialism, this reason alone is insufficient in explaining the so-called ‘cultural turn’ in these three cities, because none of them ascribe to the conventional format of the post-industrial ‘entrepreneurial’ city. In order to identify other major forces driving the adoption of creative city initiatives in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei, this work delves into the ways in which the idea of the creative city is reworked within the context of global city making. The study found that in addition to urban entrepreneurialism, the inherited cultural policy agenda, which largely stems from national interests, also plays a significant role in directing (and changing) the ‘global cultural city’ making process. By looking into different roles attached to the ‘imported’ policy discourse of the creative city in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei, this study not only contributes to the understanding of urban cultural policies within the Chinese-speaking world and East Asia more generally, but also lends some insights to the developing field of cultural policy mobility.