Ionospheric disturbances over Japan due to the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption at 1532 UT on 18 May 1980 on the ionosphere over Japan are examined using data on total electron content obtained at three closely-spaced stations and HF (5 and 8 MHz) Doppler recordings together with microbarograph data for the surface pressure perturbation. The results strongly suggest that ionospheric perturbations having a predominant period of about 9 min propagated from north to south approximately along the great circle path with a horizontal velocity of about 300 m s⁻¹. The observed time variations of perturbations can be well explained in terms of Lamb waves propagating through the atmospheric sound channel while launching up-going waves to produce the ionospheric oscillations.     

Influence of solar flares and disturbances of the interplanetary medium on the atmospheric circulation

The atmospheric circulation response to solar flares and geomagnetic disturbances is studied. It is shown that solar flares cause an increase of the zonal circulation intensity in the latitudinal belt ϑ = 45–65°, while geomagnetic disturbances are associated with a decrease of the circulation intensity.The energy necessary to produce the observed atmospheric circulation changes is estimated. The variation of the atmospheric transparency is suggested to be a possible source of that energy.     

Refraction distortions of transionospheric radio signais caused by changes in a regular ionosphere and by travelling ionospheric disturbances

This paper generalizes experimental data on variations of the angles of arrival of transionospheric radio signals caused by changes in a regular ionosphere and by effects of medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). The data are based on radio astronomical observations of discrete sources and compact active features on the Sun as well as on angular measurements of signals from artificial Earth satellites with geostationary and circular orbits.The experimental data are interpreted through calculations of refraction corrections using a Gaussian model of a regular ionosphere disturbed by a three-dimensional travelling wave (the TID model) as well as an adaptive model of a regular ionosphere. Some possibilities of correcting refraction distortions with the use of appropriate models and ionospheric diagnostic tools are discussed.     

中日两国围绕明治天皇去世开展的"葬礼外交"探析

1912年,中华民国临时政府建立,尽快争取外国列强的承认成为了民国政府外交工作的优先课题,日本则在该问题上扮演了重要角色.同年7月,日本明治天皇病逝,民国中央与地方政府纷纷向日本驻华外交机构致以哀悼,同时中央政府还希望派遣正式代表赴日吊唁,意图借助于"葬礼外交"的舞台扩大中华民国的外交影响.由于日本当时还未承认民国政府,日本政府以非正式的方式向民国政府转达相关信息,并劝阻民国政府派遣代表赴日的计划.另一方面,日本还通过在华的报纸媒体发表文章,安抚中国官民的不满情绪.中日两国围绕明治天皇去世所展现的"迎"与"拒",反映了外交手段与外交实践的分离,以及民国政府寻求列国承认与日本政府意图扩大在华利益之间的对立.     

对江泽民总书记关于黄山旅游开发的重要指示的认识

江泽民总书记考察黄山旅游资源时的重要指示,强调了世界化和自然遗产黄山的本质性化内涵,是对旅游本质的精彩阐发,江总书记的重要指示对旅游产业的发展具有深远意义。     

The volcanic eruption of Thera and its effect on the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations

Since Professor Sp. Marinatos linked the eruption of Thera with the destruction of Cretan sites, difficulties have been met in reconciling the dates of the two incidents which, based on pottery, were c. 1520 BC and 1450 BC, respectively, giving a “time gap” of 70 years. None of the mechanisms proposed for the Cretan site destructions-tsunamis, ash fallout, earthquakes, civil disturbances or invasion can be reconciled with the magnitude of the simultaneous site destructions. Therefore, an alternative theory is proposed that the Cretan holocaust was caused by “nuées ardentes” emanating from Thera. It is postulated that these were released through a “split” in the cone wall, of limited area, generating a high velocity jet of tephra fluidized in a red hot gas stream. Such a jet is immensely destructive and lethal, causing death by pulmonary oedema. The shape (like a blowtorch) and course of the ash fallout, as measured by deep sea cores, shows that these nuées ardentes passed over the eastern part of Crete, causing severe destruction and depopulation. The geological record confirms that tephra deposits from such Peléan eruptions have travelled for 160km, or more, and that normally the main eruption is preceded by a preliminary one of lesser intensity, with a time gap ranging from 51 to 203 years. Settlements on or at the base of the volcano would have been abandoned at the time of the preliminary eruption/earthquakes (c. 1520 BC). A time gap of 70 years would be reasonable, fitting with the Cretan catastrophe around 1450 BC. In the meantime, reoccupation had commenced, but was terminated by the final eruption. Apparently, Knossos on the periphery of the blast was severely damaged by fire (possibly again in LM II) and rebuilt, being finally destroyed in late LM IIIB. During this time span some “blurring” of pottery dating may be attributed to recovery and use of pottery “heirlooms”. The nuée ardente theory explains the simultaneous destruction of sites by fire and blast, the Cretan depopulation, as well as the time gap. In general ¹⁴C results confirm the dates proposed. So far tephra deposits have not been identified on Crete itself, but grains of it have been found at Pyrgos. It is suggested that cores from lake bottoms should be examined for the area, and that Cretan soil samples should be checked for tephra particles by employing the flotation technique, used in mining, for separating them.     

抗战前后中国知识分子对日外交立场之演变 --以中国太平洋国际学会为例

“中日关系问题”是1931-1945年间太平洋国际学会讨论的重点之一。中国太平洋国际学会的会员在“中日冲突”的问题上,先是主张忍让,继而主张抵抗,继而主张彻底打败日本。这种态度上的演变既是中国知识分子对中国及世界局势认识演变的结果,也与列强的对华政策和对日本扩张所持的态度转变有关。     

评近代日本对华军火走私活动

日本是中国近代最凶恶的敌人之一,中日甲午战争以后,它在中国境内走私货品,贩卖烟毒,倒卖军火,制造动乱,极尽捣乱破坏之能事,以期分裂中国,供其永远欺凌。本文按照历史阶段,分析了日本在中国辛亥革命时期、北洋政府时期、南京国民政府时期向中国走私军火供应地方势力的情况。     

The Discourse of Maendeleo and the Politics of Women’s Participation on Mount Kilimanjaro

Studies of participatory development and empowerment often fail to place people’s actions and motivations within their wider cultural, social, political and economic context. Drawing on fieldwork which looked at village‐based women’s groups on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, this article deconstructs the dominant discourse of development on the mountain (maendeleo) to show how women’s participation in their local organizations is used as a strategy to boost their social status and financial gains. Local, national and global discourses on development, modernity and gender are reappropriated by Chagga men and women to produce a normative Chagga developmental subjectivity which women can demonstrate by participating in women’s groups. The over‐representation of better‐off and higher‐status women in these groups suggests that, in excluding the poorest women, participation in women’s groups is serving to legitimate, and perpetuate, existing inequalities within Chagga society.     

Late Holocene human impact on the vegetation around Mizorogaike Pond in northern Kyoto Basin,Japan: a comparison of pollen and charcoal records with archaeological and historical data

Pollen and macroscopic charcoal analyses of AMS radiocarbon-dated sediment from Mizorogaike Pond, located near Japan’s ancient capital established in AD 794, were used along with archaeological and historical data to reconstruct vegetation change in the northern Kyoto Basin since 7300 cal yr B.P. Between ca. 7300 and 3400 cal yr B.P. (Early to Late Jomon period), the site was surrounded by warm-temperate forest composed of Quercus subgenus Lepidobalanus and Q. subgenus Cyclobalanopsis with Celtis/Aphananthe trees. With the occurrence of fire disturbance, Q. subgenus Lepidobalanus increased from ca. 3400 to 1400 cal yr B.P. (Late Jomon to Kofun periods). In the early seventh century (Asuka period), Pinus started to increase, coinciding with a significant charcoal peak, probably related to the operation of roof tile kilns near the site. Pinus continued to increase and Q. subgenus Cyclobalanopsis decreased through the seventh to tenth centuries (Asuka to Heian periods). Further increase of Pinus occurred in the eleventh century, possibly reflecting the establishment of the manor of Kamigamo Shrine. From the eleventh to seventeenth centuries (Heian to medieval periods), no significant vegetational change or fire disturbance took place. In the eighteenth century, the landscape became totally open, with poor vegetation and sparse Pinus woodland. The medieval and early modern landscapes reconstructed from the palaeoecological record are rather similar to those described from studies of ancient artwork and historical documents. This study demonstrates that late Holocene vegetation change in the northern Kyoto Basin was closely tied to anthropogenic activities, such as the pottery industry and fuel wood collection.     

论马王堆出土《地形图》之九嶷山图及其技术传承

本文在前人已有研究基础上,运用现代地图技术进行比较研究,探讨马王堆汉墓出土《地形图》中九嶷山地形图之精确性。进而,基于对道教《五岳真形图》的地图学研究,证明《地形图》之九嶷山图所代表的制图技术,乃在《五岳真形图》中得到了继承,尽管古代的地形图技术在这种秘传的道符经书中受到了神学泡沫的淹没。     

2001年海内外中日关系史研究述评

2001年出版的书籍有：南京师范大学南京大屠杀研究中心主编,南京出版社1月出版的《魏特琳传》;王晓岚撰写,广西师范大学出版社1月出版的《喉舌之战——抗战中的新闻对垒》;韩国挺身队对策协议会、韩国挺身队研究会编纂,金镇烈、黄一兵翻译,中国史出版社1月出版的《被掠往侵略战场的慰安妇》;王国林编,中央献出版社2月出版的《天目抗日》;朱成山主编,南京大     

民国时期日本称谓中国国号之演化及用心考论

日本政府延至1913年10月才正式承认中华民国,但又规定在内外公文中要以“支那”或“支那国”称呼中国。在30年代末和40年代初,又先后将其改为“中华民国”和“中国”。每一次改称背后都包含着分裂或独占中国的野心,也是民国时期日本对华政策和中日交涉中的一个症结。     

中国援助1923年日本震灾史料一组中国

1923年9月1日日本关东地区发生里氏8.1级大地震,中国政府、各团体及直隶、山西、山东、河南、江苏、安徽等省纷纷筹募赈款,予以救济.1930年3月,日都东京重建工作历经六年半甫告完成,日本政府通过该国代理公使照会国民政府,对中方当年援日之举表示感谢.     

Simultaneous observations of travelling ionospheric disturbances by two-dimensional radio interferometry and the differential Doppler technique applied to satellite signals

The main object of the campaign reported here was to compare TID characteristics obtained from two essentially different observation techniques: (1) observation of the apparent angular position shifts of Virgo A by the Nançay radioheliograph (47.33°N, 2.15°E) gave azimuths and periods of travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs); (2) differential Doppler shifts of signals from NNSS-satellites recorded simultaneously at Tours (47.35°N, 0.70°E), Nançay and Besançon (47.32°N, 5.99°E) provided azimuths and latitudinal wavelengths. Observations were made during the period 10–30 November 1987, between 6 and 12 h UT. It is found that azimuths obtained from the two techniques are consistent if sufficient averaging over wave trains is performed: averaging over several hours for radio interferometry and averaging over the whole satellite trace for the differential Doppler technique. Averaging is necessary because of (1) the intrinsic dispersion in wave azimuth, (2) the broadness of observed wave spectra and the dispersive properties of gravity waves, and (3) the spatial separation of ionospheric points for the two techniques. Good agreement between the azimuths was achieved by setting the altitude of the TIDs, which is used in the differential Doppler analysis, to about 250 km, appreciably lower than the maximum in electron density (about 350 km). The mean azimuth of observed TIDs was 12° East from South with a standard deviation of about 30°. The dominant period and horizontal wavelength of the observed TIDs were 40 min and 450 km. The East-West coherence length of the TIDs was found to be only of the order of 200 km.     

The impact of gaps and spectral methods on the spectral slope of the middle atmospheric wind

The spectral slope of the middle atmospheric wind is an important index of the gravity wave and turbulence processes. Gaps exist in MF radar spaced-antenna winds data because significance criteria are built into the analysis. These cause a smearing of the spectrum and seriously modify the slope, as well as affect the absolute power at high frequencies. A comparison between sites with different gap rates must account for this. Different methods of dealing with these gaps are tested in this paper. The periodogram (with linear interpolation across gaps), the correlogram, and the Lomb-Scargle analyses are compared on synthetic data with known slope, and also with some of the best measured data (less than 20% gaps), both with added gaps to a maximum of 50%. The periodogram is seen to be the best choice. Parallel calculations on real data and synthetic data with the real gaps inserted are used to compare 1992 summer and winter spectral slopes from the Saskatoon MF radar. The latter are also compared with those of winter spectra from the two CNSR (Canadian Network for Space Research) radars which, with Saskatoon, form a ∼ 500 km array. A similar process is used to compare the seasonal variation of absolute power (10–100 min) at the three sites.     

笔谈抗日战争与中国现代化进程

2006年4月21日至4月24日,由浙江省民国浙江史研究中心、杭州师范学院近代史研究所及《抗日战争研究》编辑部联合举办的“抗日战争与中国现代化进程”学术研讨会在杭州举行,20余人出席了会议。会议的主旨,是想推动研究者从一个不算很新,却少为人们重视的视角,对抗日战争的历史进行审视。这个视角就是“现代化”。而关于历史研究中的“革命范式”与“现代化范式”,两者的异同比较,最近较为引人关注。究其原因,除了史学方法方面不断深入的探讨之外,历史为现实服务的功能受到重视,也似是原因之一。以往对于抗日战争史的研究,无论是宏观或是微观,大致不脱民族民主革命的视角,是因这段历史确实与之密切相关。而今天的现实发生了变化,以抗日战争为开端的中国复兴,不仅走向了正轨,而且有了不断加速的迹象。因此,重新总结历史的经验以为现实服务,不仅是重要的,也是必要的。本次笔谈,虽然只是在上述主旨下的一种粗浅尝试,但见仁见智,或者多少能给读者一些启发。本组笔谈是从会议发言中挑选而经言者整理过的。需要说明的是,由于笔谈内容广泛,故不做归类,仅以收稿时间排序。     

近代中日比较研究综述

在我国的中外历史比较研究中，投入力量最多，取得成果最丰硕的，当推近代中日比较研究。在全面介绍相关研究成果之前，有必要先简要回顾一下此项研究的历程。     

Changes in chemical composition caused by water–rock interactions across a strike‐slip fault zone: case study of the Atera Fault,Central Japan

In some cases, water–rock interactions in fault zones can affect radionuclide migration. Here, we analyzed the chemical compositions of well‐exposed fault rocks from the strike‐slip Atera Fault, Central Japan, in order to understand the variability and behavior of major and selected trace elements. The fault zone has a 1.2‐m‐wide, smectite‐rich fault core and paired damage zones that developed within welded tuff on one side of the core and within granite on the other side. The 30‐cm‐wide, kaolinite‐rich fault gouge is developed in granite cataclasite, and it shows indications of the latest fault activity, while the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core appears to be older. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in the clay‐rich fault gouges, and carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in carbonates indicate that the two major clay‐rich zones formed in bedrock near the surface, consistent with observed deformation structures. Based on chemical analyses, we identified (1) a slight depletion in SiO₂, Na₂O, K₂O, and light rare earth elements at the edges of the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core, (2) a clear depletion in SiO₂, Na₂O, K₂O, and all rare earth elements except Eu in the 30‐cm‐wide fault gouge, and (3) an increase in CaO, MnO, and heavy rare earth elements across the entire 1.2‐m‐wide fault core. Findings (1) and (2) reflect water–rock interactions in the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core and in the 30‐cm‐wide fault gouge that resulted in the formation of smectite and kaolinite. Finding (3) reflects carbonate precipitation caused by the addition of basalt fragments from a nearby site to the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core during faulting, and subsequent sorption reactions of heavy rare earth elements via processes such as complexation with the carbonates.