Longitudinal differences and inter-annual variations of zonal wind in the tropical stratosphere and troposphere

A quantitative assessment has been made of the longitude-dependent differences and the interannual variations of the zonal wind components in the equatorial stratosphere and troposphere, from the analysis of rocket and balloon data for 1979 and 1980 for three stations near ±8.5° latitude (Ascension Island at 14.4°W, Thumba at 76.9°E and Kwajalein at 67.7°E) and two stations near 21.5° latitude (Barking Sands at 159.6°W and Balasore at 86.9°E). The longitude-dependent differences are found to be about 10–20 m s⁻¹ (amounting to 50–200% in some cases) for the semi-annual oscillation (SAO) and the annual oscillation (AO) amplitudes, depending upon the altitude and latitude. Inter-annual variations of about 10 m s⁻¹ also exist in both oscillations. The phase of the SAO exhibits an almost 180° shift at Kwajalein compared to that at the other two stations near 8.5°, while the phase of the AO is independent of longitude, in the stratosphere.The amplitude and phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) are found to be almost independent of longitude in the 18–38 km range, but above 40 km height the QBO amplitude and phase have different values in different longitude sectors for the three stations near ±8.5° latitude. The mean zonal wind shows no change from 1979 to 1980, but in the troposphere at 8.5° latitude strong easterlies prevail in the Indian zone, in contrast to the westerlies at the Atlantic and Pacific stations.     

Aspect sensitivity of VHF scatterers in the troposphere and stratosphere from comparisons of powers in off-vertical beams

The aspect sensitivity of the radar backscatter power at 46.5 MHz has been examined for the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Use is made of the width of the effective backscatter polar diagram, assumed to be Gaussian, derived from the ratios of signal strength for different pairs of beam directions in order to distinguish between anisotropic and isotropic scattering. The results are used to examine the relative contributions of isotropic scatter, anisotropic scatter, and Fresnel reflection or scatter to the signal backscattered in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the change in the scattering characteristics during the passage of a warm front is examined.     

Associations between the 11-year solar cycle,the QBO and the atmosphere. Part I: the troposphere and stratosphere in the northern hemisphere in winter

Linear correlations between the three solar cycles in the period 1956–1987 and high-latitude stratospheric temperatures and geopotential heights show no associations. However, when the data are stratified according to the east or west phase of the quasi-biennial-oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial stratosphere significant correlations result: when the QBO was in its west phase the polar data were positively correlated with the solar cycle while those in middle and low latitudes were negatively correlated. The converse holds for the east phase of the QBO. Marked relationships existed throughout the troposphere too.No major mid-winter warming occurred in the west phase of the QBO during a minimum in the three solar cycles. In the east phase major warmings tended to take place in the minima of the cycle. Thus the signal of the quasi-biennial-oscillation in the extratropical stratosphere tends to be strengthened in solar minima, and weakened in solar maxima.     

Ionisation in the Antarctic stratosphere

Results from a partial reflection radar experiment, operated at a frequency of 2.9 MHz at Scott Base, Antarctica, are presented for the time interval from January 1987 to June 1991. It is shown that a layer of ionisation can frequently be identified at scattering heights between 40 and 55 km. Details regarding the maximum density, thickness, and frequency of occurrence of this ionisation layer are presented. From sequential occurrences of the ionisation an approximate life time of 70 min is deduced for the layer. The possibility that the ionisation layer is produced by a flux of relativistic electrons is investigated.     

Inorganic bromine in the lower stratosphere

Inorganic bromine content in the lower stratosphere was determined from a series of three balloon flights conducted in 1981 and 1982 from Holloman AFB, New Mexico (33°N). A Direct Flow Sampler (DFS) sampled large quantities of stratospheric air through a 35 cm diameter filter mounted upstream of a blower. Filters were prepared with an inert organic oil and a strong organic base in order to capture both acidic and particulate species. Following flight, the filters underwent an extraction process. Then, aliquots of the solution were subjected to neutron activation analysis. The methodology involved a radiochemical procedure which was developed and tested to measure, simultaneously, both chlorine and bromine content. High-resolution gamma spectrometry was used and bromine content was determined by counting ⁸⁰Br activity. The resulting values for volume mixing ratios of bromine increased from a low of 2.6 pptv at 15 km to a high of 15.6 pptv for the 25–30 km band. The results are shown to be in agreement with earlier measurements by Sedlacek et al. (1984) and with one-dimensional photochemical model predictions by yung et al. (1980).     

Subaltern Studies and its Critics: Debates over Indian History

Ranajit Guha, (ed.) A Subaltern Studies Reader 1986–1995
Peter Heehsm, Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian History
Sumit Sarkar, Writing Social History
Achin Vanaik, The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity And Secularization     

甘肃地区先秦时期的文化交流与融合

甘肃与新疆、内蒙、宁夏和陕西北部等地区接壤,沿着这一地区自西向东向西前进,历来是沟通中原与北方民族文化以及西方文化的传播通道。在距今4000年左右直至汉代,甘肃地区一直呈现出与不同文化圈之间相互交流、相互融合的现象,使甘肃本土文化表现出多元文化的特征,为汉代以后东西方之间大规模的政治、经济、文化交流奠定了坚实的基础。     

On the association between the QBO and the extratropical stratosphere

Although diagnostic studies and mechanistic model experiments have found that, on average, the polar vortex in northern winter is stronger and colder in the west than in the east years of the equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), we show with an expanded data base that the results are not statistically significant. The reason for the insignificance is that in 36% of the winters (13 out of 36) the vortex was warm and weak in the west, and cold and strong in the east years. Only at low activity in the 11-yr solar cycle did the difference between the west (cold) and the east (warm) years become statistically significant. At high solar activity the west years had a warm and the east years a cold polar vortex in the mean. We show this association with the 11-yr solar cycle also in terms of the geostrophic wind.     

Populism during the period of the 1911 Revolution

Russian populism spread in China at the turn of the twentieth century in the name of anarchism, nihilism, and socialism, and gradually contributed to the formation of modern Chinese populism. Populism around the time of the 1911 Revolution had two characteristics: one was its deep hatred of capitalism which regarded capitalism as an ugly, decadent, and regressive historical phenomenon; the other characteristic was an attempt to get around the developmental stage of capitalism in order to proceed directly into socialism. Compared with Russian populism, modern Chinese populism did not have well-organized proponents, nor did it have any systemic system of populist political thought. It manifested itself more as a populist intellectual tendency without a strong self-awareness. Agrarian civilization and Confucianism provided the hotbed for populism, and a superficial understanding of Western capitalism was the main cultural drive that bred populism. The most important feature of modern Chinese populism was the fantasy of leaping from a backward agrarian country into socialism by surpassing capitalist industrialization.     

九连墩战国编钟形声复原研究

文物界修复编钟残件的传统方法是对编钟先矫形后胶接或钎焊,使用这种方法可以做到"形似",但无法获得良好的声音.为同时能获得良好的声音,通过对矫形定位、焊接方法、焊接材料、修复声弓等修复环节进行研究,采用激光焊接技术修复九连墩出土的破损双音编钟.修复结果表明,不仅复原了编钟的外观尺寸和形貌特征,而且在音频、音品方面恢复了双音编钟的乐钟特征,实现了破损双音编钟的形、声复原.研究成果可为古代金属乐器的形、声复原提供了一套全新的技术路线和工艺流程.     

Shape Reproducibility and architectural symmetry during the Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant

Architecture reflects social aspects of past communities. Structure attributes such as shape, size, building material and decoration, provide valuable information beyond their immediate structural function. However, while attributes such as size can be measured and therefore objectively compared between structures, the comparison of shape between structures is based on subjective observations. In the current study we use two quantification methods for analyzing prehistoric shape-based architectural data: (1) we developed a new method, Shape Reproducibility (SR), based on objective computerized procedure for analyzing the similarity and difference between shapes of ancient buildings; and (2) we use Continuous Symmetry Measure (CSM), a method which was originally developed for analyzing flint artifacts and ceramic vessels to objectively compare between shape symmetry. Applying these methods to settlement data of the Chalcolithic period enables quantification of the level of architectural similarity within and between different sites and their comparison to architectural data of later periods, such as the Early Bronze Age II urban center at Arad. Our CSM results suggest that the symmetry of architecture does not increase through time. Our SR findings demonstrate that in the main cultural Chalcolithic entity, the Ghassulian, the architecture of different sites could not be distinguished from one site to the other. In addition, we demonstrate that the architecture of the Chalcolithic sites in the Golan Heights is homogeneous and significantly differs from other Chalcolithic sites, while Ghassulian intra-site variability is higher. In comparison with Arad, however, this variability is relatively low and limited. These results suggest that status differentiation or hierarchical social organization cannot be indicated from Ghassulian architecture.     

析“春秋笔法”在《国语》中的具体运用

关于《国语》的研究,学界一直集中在讨论其作者和成书的问题。近年来,对《国语》文学成就的评价有些进展,但几乎没有文章涉及其著书笔法问题。本文拟从史家的本体意识及著史笔法传统着手,分析古已有之的“春秋笔法”在《国语》中的具体运用。     

Seasonal migration in South-west France during the late glacial period

It has long been accepted that mobility was a factor in human life in Quaternary SW France, but debate continues as to the purpose, extent, direction, frequency and regularity of the movements. Several different types of evidence are relevant to the problem, and while some scholars have come to rather vague conclusions concerning “occasional forays” or “exchange systems”, others have taken up a firm position after analysis of only one body of data. A reappraisal of all aspects of the problem, in the light of all the evidence available from the region, in fact leads to only one satisfactory hypothesis: that of long-distance seasonal migration by both man and game.Only the reindeer-dominated sites of SW France will be discussed here, as it is from these that the migrations were the most necessary and the most extensive. Movements from other sites, such as those where a horse-dominated economy was practised, would probably have been rather shorter owing to the restricted migration undertaken by the staple resources.     

Satellite observation and mapping of wintertime ozone variability in the lower stratosphere

Comparison is made between 30 mbar ozone fields that are generated by a transport-chemistry model utilizing the winds from the Goddard Space Flight Center stratospheric data assimilation system (STRATAN), observations from the LIMS instrument on Nimbus 7, and the ozone fields that result from ‘flying’ a mathematical simulation of LIMS observations through the transport-chemistry model ozone fields. The modeled ozone fields are found to resemble the LIMS observations, but the model fields show much more temporal and spatial structure than do the LIMS observations. The ‘satellite-mapped’ model results resemble the LIMS observations much more closely. These results are very consistent with the earlier discussions of satellite space-time sampling by Salby.     

论巴西军人政权时期的技术专家

在巴西军政权中,存在着军人和技术专家的联盟。军人在政治决策中起着关键的作用,技术专家在制定经济发展政策时扮演着关键的角色。技术专家的兴起主要是由于巴西政府基本政策优先顺序的转变、平行官僚机构的迅速增长、以及实现行政改革的长期努力使得精英集团内部发生的变化。在经济观点上,技术专家主张注重积累,抑制分配的“生产主义”。