Making EMU a success

One year has elapsed since the European Monetary Union was created between eleven of the fifteen European Union member states. During 1999 the economic prospects for euroland have dramatically improved, with projected growth in 2000 and 2001 well above earlier expectations. This article argues that the recovery, by itself, cannot solve Europe's unemployment problem, neither can monetary union per se, despite its substantial benefits. The authors discuss these benefits and assess the current economic situation in Europe. They recommend a bold, coordinated approach, a growth pact for Europe, based on the three complementary legs: substantial tax cuts; an accommodating monetary policy; and structural reform. They discuss the conditions in which such a pact would be successful.     

Choiseul: The Making of a Diplomat

ROHAN BUTLER. Choiseul, Volume i: Father and Son, 1719–54. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Pp. xxxv, 1133. $135.00 (US).     

谋生在都市的边缘

这里纪录的,是那些从边远山区来到城市谋生的农民,他们处于城市的底层.     

烧灰

烧灰是家乡人过去在一年操劳庄稼中最苦最累的活儿。那时农村贫穷,农业经济欠发达,农民种地没有像现在这样有现成的有机肥可买,即便有,农民也买不起。可庄稼地里又不能不上肥,那有限的农家肥,只够在村子附近的地里用,远处的山地里,只有用烧灰的方式解决肥料问题了。所谓烧灰,就     

Making the house a home in later medieval York

ABSTRACT

The loss of all original furnishings or decoration and the relentless refashioning of interiors have eroded our ability to appreciate how extant houses functioned as living spaces in the later Middle Ages. This paper uses a variety of documentary sources, notably York’s rich collection of probate inventories, to provide evidence on the division and furnishing of buildings. Depositions from cases within the ecclesiastical court of York ask questions about the way that particular artisanal and mercantile houses functioned both as residences and as places of work. Taking the author’s 2008 study in Medieval Domesticity a step further, the paper will consider in more depth the notion that a distinctive bourgeois ideology of domesticity, which was projected through material culture, grew up in the later medieval city. It will, moreover, ask how far later medieval artisanal or mercantile houses constituted homes.     

"绿杨城郭是扬州"--清初扬州红桥成名散论

董以宁是康熙（１６６１－１７２２）时期到过扬州的诗人及作家,他曾对一个地方通过名人而获得知名度有过评论：＂山川得名,多因人杰。未有苏公之游,赤壁一顽石也。苏公既游之,虽荒台残树,赤壁一名山也。＂①游览赤壁时,董以宁朝拜苏轼像,并口诵刻在崖上的苏轼诗篇。他甚至特意将自己的这次出游安排在苏轼的名篇《赤壁赋》所写的季节。显然,正由于苏轼来过此地,并且由于他的文学创作,使得赤壁对于董以宁来说,有着重要意义。正如Ｃｒａｉｇ　Ｃｌｕｎａｓ　所提出的,一处园林的名声并不从它＂自身的景致＂中来,而是从它所具有的…     

论日语请求行为得体性的实现

请求行为普遍而且敏感,它是人类交际中不可避免的社会活动。得体性作为请求行为所必须遵循的礼貌原则,既牵涉到语言自身,又牵涉到许多诸如风俗习惯、价值观念、社会地位、人际关系、环境、地点、时间等社会文化因素。本文通过分析中国学生运用日语表达“请求”这一言语行为时出现的语用失误,探讨中日两种文化在语言语用和社交语用方面存在的差异,旨在找出隐伏在这些失误背后的、易引起误会和冲突的文化因素,并在此基础上,提出对策,以帮助日语学习者自觉改变和调整固有的框框,提高语用能力。     

土族酿酒歌及敬酒歌

土乡高原酩馏香(土族酿酒歌)祝福喜庆和希望,青稞酩馏家家酿。灶台护栏像座山,锅盖平展如石板。锅中清泉风云,像咆哮的江河,像沸腾的大海。大海里流淌着清香的美酒,大海里流淌着丰登的五谷,大海里流淌着兴旺的牛羊马群,大海里流淌着多彩的绫罗绸缎,大海里流淌着闪光的金银珠宝,