李侍尧进贡简论

嘉庆皇帝曾指出乾隆朝臣工进贡问题的严重性:"进奉一节,最为吏治之害."①李侍尧、国泰等人就被乾隆皇帝称为"优于办贡"②.笔者曾查阅中国第一历史档案馆所藏<宫中进单>,抄录了李侍尧所有的进单,现将有关数据制成<〈宫中进单〉李侍尧进贡一览表>(以下称<一览表>).     

西洋传教士与朝鲜赴京使行交往考论

赴京使行是朝鲜李朝派往明、清两朝的外交使节。他们在使行过程中,不少曾与当时在华西洋传教士发生过交往。本文在现有研究基础上,对西洋传教士与朝鲜赴京使行交往之动机、时间以及地点进行了详细考证,指出通过这种交往不仅促成了天主教在朝鲜的传教、将西学输入朝鲜,而且加深了双方对彼此的了解,在中朝文化交流史上写下了浓重的一笔。     

清宫廷西洋乐队

清宫廷西洋乐队西洋音乐和西洋乐器是清康熙朝传入中国的。当时供奉内廷的西洋传教士南怀仁、徐日升等将西洋乐器进献给康熙皇帝,并为之进讲西洋乐理,教会康熙皇帝用西洋乐器演奏西洋乐曲。法国传教士白晋曾充当康熙特使,回国向法王路易十四呈递的奏折（《康熙皇帝传》...     

“蔡伯多禄案”初探

乾隆四十九年(1784)教案始发于湖北边防官兵盘获四名西洋传教士私入内地传教,而蔡伯多禄即此次赴澳门接引伴送洋人潜赴陕甘地区传教的关键人物。恰逢是年四月西北回民起义,清政府担心西洋人与内地回民勾结影响统治稳定,在乾隆皇帝多次严拿涉案人员的谕旨催促下,该案迅速扩大,涉案人员之多、牵连省份之广都超出以往,史称"乾隆朝大教案"。而教案关键人物蔡伯多禄则从始至终未曾抓获。     

清乾隆朝富察家族与涉藏事务

本文利用正史及档案资料,以乾隆朝富察家族为例,对清朝重用"满洲"贵族作为边务大臣处理西藏事务进行了考察。在乾隆一朝的涉藏事务中,无论政事或是武功,多有富察家族成员参与,其中有三人担任过驻藏大臣,发挥了举足轻重的作用。同时,本文还试图通过乾隆皇帝重视富察家族的史实,进一步探讨其在边疆事务特别是涉藏事务中的用人原则与得失。     

清代耶稣会士与西洋奇器

二、乾隆帝对西洋奇器的追求雍正朝初年,实行严厉的禁教政策。与雍正帝的政敌——允禩、允禟交往密切的耶稣会士,受到了严厉的制裁。雍正朝廷对在地方“生事惑众”的传教士一律驱逐到澳门,但对在京的西方耶稣会士仍照旧例给予     

乾隆“西洋馆译语”书题语源考

清乾隆皇帝敕编的五种"西洋馆译语"分别为汉语与法、德、葡、意及拉丁语的对译字书。前四种书题中的国名均采用拉丁语而非本土语言,与其他"华夷译语"类字书习惯不同,这是因为"西洋馆译语"的编者系来华的传教士,而拉丁正是当时传教士的通用语言。最后一种《拉氐诺话》中的"拉氐诺"来自Latina的中性形式Latinum。     

清代乾隆朝景德镇御窑瓷器（上）

正清代乾隆朝是中国封建社会的最强盛时期,也是清代社会盛极而衰的转折点。此时,位于江西景德镇的御窑厂在瓷器烧造方面,也呈现出与当时政治、经济、文化和对外交流等密切相关的特点。其产量之大、耗费之巨、工艺之复杂,可谓前无先例、后无来者,在中国陶瓷发展史上写下光辉灿烂的篇章。乾隆朝以后各朝,内忧外患接踵而至,国力逐渐衰退,御窑瓷器生产亦每况愈下,产品数量、质量均不能与乾隆朝同日而语。一、唐英与乾隆皇帝乾隆皇帝在位60年(不包括当了3年多太上皇),     

乾隆朝紫光阁赐宴图研究

紫光阁为明清皇帝观骑射、试武举的场所,乾隆朝两度改建,将其改为收藏武功勋臣肖像与展示战功的建筑,强化了紫光阁弘扬清帝国尚武精神的特点,体现了乾隆皇帝好大喜功。本文以乾隆朝的四幅紫光阁赐宴纪实画为研究材料,结合文字史料,运用分析和比较研究方法,探讨赐宴图的绘制背景、目的与史料价值。乾隆皇帝以紫光阁为赐宴外藩使臣与燕劳将士的筵宴地点,藉由筵席制度、乐舞冰嬉的象征意义,达到武力威慑与怀柔的目的 ;并制图宣告战勋,表彰乾隆皇帝的伟绩。     

乾隆瓷班簋

乾隆瓷班簋(图版三)是清代御窑厂于乾隆时期烧造的瓷质仿古彝器之一,现藏北京故宫博物院。该器原称清乾隆古铜釉双兽耳炉,今用此名是笔者在整理故宫旧藏乾隆朝瓷器时见到其外底部的长篇铭文(图版三)后而加以更定的。本文简略考述与此簋相关的若干问题。     

清前期“版图”概念考析

清朝前期,作为核心疆土界定概念的"版图",并非如学界普遍认为的系指王朝直接控制的地区。其时,"版图"的内涵、外延尚无清晰的界定,国人对土司地区、台湾生番之地、重要属国的定位多有歧见。乾隆朝以前,清人中较主流的观点认为,"版图"包括行省地区(不含台湾生番之地和土司地区)、东北三将军辖区、诸藩部。乾隆朝起,土司地区亦多被视为"版图"。清人对"版图"的认定,标准有异,但基本以纳贡为底线。自根本上言,"版图"概念的模糊性,是天下主义影响下的产物;而其维系,得益于清朝在中华世界秩序中的主导地位。     

影响晚清西方来华传教士宗教旅游的因素分析

本文从旅游的视角,认为西方来华传教士的活动是一种宗教旅游活动,论文选取西方传教士大规模进入我国的晚清时期作为研究时段,根据旅游系统三体论的思路,对晚清西方来华传教士宗教旅游的影响因素进行系统分析,研究结论表明:影响晚清西方来华传教士宗教旅游的主要因素有三个。其一是西方传教士旅游客源地的文化和经济因素;其二是中国作为西方传教士旅游目的地的政治开放、宗教政策以及安全保障因素;其三是西方传教士从其客源地到中国旅游目的地之间及其内部的交通因素。     

The South China coast in French and Dutch literature

The article examines a number of pieces of early French and Dutch writing about the South China coast. The first is the journal of a Swiss mercenary named Ripon, who was employed by the Dutch East India Company and ventured in the East from 1617 to 1627; the second is a group of journals by Isaac Titsingh, Andreas Everard van Braam and Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, describing their embassy to Emperor Qianlong in 1794–95; and finally there are a series reports by Dutch Protestant and French Catholic missionaries from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. Such Western sources can be an important supplement to the often scant Chinese sources for certain periods. Sources recording the same event but written by different authors and in different languages can provide an informative range of perspectives and serve to complement each other. And a range of different sources in different languages may combine to produce a fairly full historical picture of a given topic.     

Prosperity and its discontents: Contextualizing social protest in the late Qianlong reign

Studies of the Qing history have tended to overstate the prosperity of the Qianlong period (1736–95), while taking the ensuing Jiaqing period (1796–1820) as the crisis-ridden beginning of dynastic decline. To challenge such a simplistic and somewhat misleading interpretation, this article reappraises the late Qianlong era by examining the dramatic combination of social protest which largely defined this period. It focuses on the structural and conjunctural origins of these upheavals and uses them as a prism to investigate the changing state-society relationship. This study conceptualizes the late Qianlong upheavals as a profound crisis of an overextended empire whose political development had become unsustainable. In addition to facing the formidable challenges of an expanding society, the late Qianlong state was crippled by the emperor himself and his aggressive efforts to concentrate power in his own hands.     

Missionaries and the Māori Language in Nineteenth‐Century New Zealand: A Mixed Inheritance

The historiography dealing with New Zealand's colonial period (1814 – c.1900) underwent a substantial revision during the second half of the twentieth century. In particular, the role and activities of the missionaries in the country during the colonial era was subject renewed scrutiny, which served as a much‐needed antidote to the largely uncritical depiction of these proselytisers in earlier histories. However, this revisionism sometimes took a reductionist approach to the work of the missionaries, and in the process, overlooked some of their accomplishments in a colonial environment that was at best unsympathetic and often hostile towards the Māori culture and language. Since then, a more nuanced and considered historiography has emerged – one which also incorporates the histories of imperial missionary activity in the realms of literacy and indigenous languages in other parts of the world into New Zealand's experience. This work examines the seminal role that Protestant missionaries and their parent churches played in the colonial era in converting Māori into a written language, in spreading the use of literacy within Māori society, with consideration given to the role of Māori agency in this process, and the challenges in policy and practice that the Protestant missionaries had in this period.     

清季俄罗斯文馆延聘俄人教习研究

在俄罗斯文馆存在的一个半世纪里,先后有多名俄人担任教习之职。康熙年间,文馆教习由俄国商队成员、降人及后裔充任,教习队伍不稳定,语言水平也不高。从雍正初期起,文馆开始延聘俄国东正教驻北京传教士团成员担任教习,其中罗索欣、弗拉德金和列昂季耶夫与满人富勒赫合作编写出中国第一本俄语教科书。自道光年间起,有4位传教士团领班被俄罗斯文馆聘为教习,但由于鸦片战争爆发后中俄关系的实质已经由以往的平等交往转向了俄国伙同西方列强对中国进行瓜分,他们并未发挥出"协同教授"的作用,更多时候是将在文馆兼职作为为俄国政府探听清廷内情的机会或手段。     

清代乾隆时期扬州人的引领时尚——建设文化教育休憩城的历史启示

清代扬州的兴盛,历经康熙后期、雍正乾隆二朝和嘉庆初年的一百年间,而以乾隆年间为鼎盛。盛清时代扬州人创造文明,在诸多领域处于"甲于天下"地位,稍微具体地说:1、园林花卉甲天下。2、创造维扬菜系,茶馆甲天下。3、讲究美容健身,沐浴业、按摩业、理发业技艺出色,香料制品天下第一。4、口耳身心并赏的戏剧曲艺业兴盛,是京剧产生的孕育地。5、兴办书院,教育成就非凡。6、经学、文学、史学研究发展,产生扬州学派;藏书颇富,印刷业上佳。7、府城建设成就卓著。扬州人生活行为中讲求文化品质、艺术品味,引领时尚,生活方式辐射四方。扬州人追求高雅生活的精神,相关事业的传统,是宝贵精神文化遗产,是今日建设文化教育名城的文化资源。     

Some observations on theObservations the decline of the French Jesuit scientific mission in China

In the late seventeenth century, French Jesuit missionaries in China transplanted a distinctively French and distinctively academic brand of scientific work from Paris to Beijing. This auspicious inauguration has obscured the later trajectory of the mission’s scientific ambitions within Old Regime arenas of scientific activity. In this paper, I argue that significant differences distinguish the French Jesuit scientific mission in its late seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century incarnations. By examining the various Parisian editions of French Jesuit scientific work carried out on the China mission, theObservations (1688, 1692, 1729), I trace the declining fortunes of the French Jesuit scientific mission to the dissolution of its alliance with the Académie des sciences and to its difficulties in sustaining a corporate identity and collective vision as investigators of natural phenomena.     

乾隆朝(1736—1795)疫灾地理研究

清代是中国历史上疫灾流行高峰期,乾隆朝又是其中重要阶段之一。综合运用疫灾指标法、Grapher时序分析法、GIS空间分析法、SPSS相关分析法对乾隆朝疫灾地理进行研究,结果表明: (1) 乾隆朝有疫灾之年58个,疫灾频度为96.67%,其中1748、1756、1786年为三次大规模饥疫。疫灾流行以夏季最多,春秋次之,冬季最少,且以多季节流行为主。 (2) 省域尺度上,形成南北两条疫灾指标高值区分布带,疫灾指标总体自西向东逐渐上升,其中江苏省(含上海)受灾最严重。县域尺度分布具有阶段特征和集聚特征,疫域范围不断拓展,集聚程度持续提升;疫灾分布具有区域差异,疫灾重心始终位于南方。 (3) 疫灾分布格局受制于人口分布格局、区域开发强度、自然灾害多寡等因素,表现为省级尺度上与疫灾强度呈显著正相关性,相关系数R值分别为0.886、0.664和0.685(P均为0.01)。     

简析古代日本对曹魏西晋王朝的朝贡

两汉时期开始,古代日本通过朝贡,纳入到中原王朝的册封体制之内。曹魏西晋时期,封贡关系进一步密切,古代日本频繁向中原王朝朝贡,中原王朝也首次派使者出使古代日本,这是以往两国发展史上没有的先例,开创了两国关系新的篇章。