近代上海与朝鲜的海上贸易(1883-1904)

中朝商民水陆贸易章程》的缔结不仅为中国商人进入朝鲜提供了政治保障,而且标志着两国关系开始从传统的"宗藩朝贡体制"向"近代条约体制"过渡。受中日甲午战争等国际局势影响,上海的对朝鲜贸易虽然有所波动,但整体上呈快速增长态势,这主要得益于双边贸易具备了货源、市场、航运和商人网络等方面的条件。上海对朝鲜贸易的两大特点是上海腹地资源的出口和洋货的转口。大量物资从上海流向朝鲜,使上海的贸易顺差一直处于高位,朝鲜金银的大量流入则在很大程度上弥补了朝鲜的贸易赤字,不受海关监管的中朝陆路贸易和红参的走私也起到了一定的弥补作用。在近代转换期,上海与朝鲜的海上贸易使相对封闭的朝鲜对接了中国的贸易网络,从而间接地融入世界贸易体系;上海则获得了朝鲜的金银,也使中国商人具备了在朝鲜市场上与日本商人竞争的能力,上海与朝鲜贸易的兴衰也折射出转换期中朝关系的变化。     

试析朝鲜战俘遣返谈判中的苏联因素

苏联作为朝鲜战争的非交战方,在朝鲜战俘遣返谈判过程中发挥了什么样的作用,是本文关注的焦点.文章通过对近年来俄罗斯解密的相关档案和相关研究成果分析认为,苏联在遣返朝鲜战俘问题上,不仅对中朝方面决策的制定具有指导作用,而且对中朝之间的分歧具有调解作用.遣返战俘问题被提交到联合国讨论时,苏联是中朝在联合国舞台上有力的支持者.斯大林去世以后,苏联对朝鲜战争政策的调整,很大程度上促成了遣返战俘问题的解决.由此可见,在遣返战俘问题的谈判中,苏联作为一种外部因素确实发挥了重要作用,并对朝鲜停战的实现产生了重要影响.     

图像中的现实与想象——朝鲜时代燕行之路的时空表达与视觉呈现

本文通过对朝鲜时代明清两朝与朝鲜王朝之间的朝贡和使行的基本制度的考察,明确了"定期使行"与"临时使行"的具体时间安排、人员构成、使行礼制,以及由于明清两朝与朝鲜王朝之间外交关系的不同,在不同时期如何形成了陆上和海上两条不同的使行路线。在此基础上,本文通过保留至今的使行图、燕行图、朝天图、契会图等以册页、屏风、卷轴画等形式留存下来的视觉图像,讨论朝鲜时代的朝贡与使行是如何被视觉化,而且如何通过图像的形式在这一时期的明清与朝鲜关系中发挥作用的。     

论18世纪后期朝鲜进步文人的中国外交使行

论１８世纪后期朝鲜进步文人的中国外交使行李敦球在清朝二百多年间,朝鲜王朝对清朝实行事大外交方针,每年派遣称作“三节年贡使”的“定期使”和各种“别使”,并且还根据各种必要派遣“赍咨官”等燕行使。由于中朝两国使节团频繁往来,为两国文人的相互接触和思想文化...     

建州女真李满住部与朝鲜王朝的关系探析

建州女真李满住部与朝鲜王朝的关系,是彼时中朝关系史的重要组成部分。李满住部活动于辽东地区,与朝鲜国境毗邻,于是因地理之便与朝鲜开展贸易,但由此也与朝鲜产生了诸多摩擦,因而遭到了朝鲜的多次征伐。由于建州女真为明朝的地方政权,而朝鲜又属明皇朝的藩属国,因而朝鲜在如何处理与李满住建州女真的关系问题上,就体现出了朝鲜、女真、明朝三角关系的特点。     

壬辰战争初期朝鲜国王内附问题考议

壬辰战争爆发后,朝鲜迅速溃败,国王决定"北渡"内附,并采取对内命世子权摄国事及设立分朝,对外向明请援等措施为内附做准备。明朝同意朝鲜国王有条件地内附。但在此过程中,情况发生一定变化,国王不得已放弃内附。国王的内附虽然没有实现,但其过程的展开仍对朝鲜政局及壬辰战局产生深远影响。梳理朝鲜内附的过程及明朝的应对,一方面可以发现明朝在对外交往中具备清晰的疆界观念,并予以恪守,这与近代殖民体系下的"宗主国"与"附属国"的关系有本质的不同;另一方面则说明中朝之间宗藩关系的主流之外亦有一种看似亲密,而实则疏远的潜流。     

角色认同的转变与重建:朝鲜王朝与明清封贡关系的变迁

朝鲜半岛的李氏王朝对中国明清王朝角色认同的转变与重建,经历了曲折的历程。朝鲜王朝建立后长期"至诚事大"于明朝,因而其宣祖朝得到明朝的抗倭援朝救助。朝鲜光海君朝在后金的武力威胁下,对明朝和后金政权实施"两面外交"。朝鲜仁祖时期,先是在后金的"丁卯之役"军事征伐下"半臣属"于后金政权,其后由于清朝的"丙子之役"战争,朝鲜被迫脱离明朝,成为清政权的"臣属之国"。朝鲜与明清之间角色认同的变化,体现出中朝封贡关系嬗变的艰难性。在朝鲜对明清封贡对象转变权衡过程中,思想文化的认同与否是重要的影响因素。     

南汉山城之战评析

南汉山城之战是中韩(朝)关系史上一次大的战役,如何正确认识和评价这次战役,于研究中韩(朝)关系史、清史、边疆史等关系甚大。从性质上看,这次战役是朝鲜抵御邻国边疆少数民族入侵的反侵略战争,不过,特别应当明确,交战的朝、清双方的矛盾以至引发战争之焦点是朝、明关系,清要求朝鲜背明而臣属自己,朝鲜则坚持与明友好而不承认清,当时明廷作为中央政权无疑是中国国家的代表．所以,这次战役从国家角度而论,不是中、朝两国之间的侵略与反侵略战争．而正是两国为维护长期友好的国际关系所进行的正义战争．这次大战的结果使对敌的明、清双方力量的对比发生了变化,使原来朝、明联合抗清的格局改变成了朝、清联合对明的格局,从而对中国内战战略形势的改变产生了影响．     

清前期中朝关系与“东亚”秩序格局

在"东亚"成为流行语汇的历史研究中,"朝贡体制"常被用作一个统摄性的概念使用。然而"朝贡体制"在清代,主要体现中国与朝鲜、琉球、安南等国的关系,其中尤以中朝关系最为密切,并不覆盖"东亚"。本文通过梳理清代史料,呈现清代中国与朝鲜封贡关系的特点,其中包括敕封、给印、颁历、参与常态礼仪活动、日月食救护、赈济灾伤、常态互市,朝鲜人参与八旗等等,不仅凸显中朝关系近于中国与其他封贡国、无藩封关系的其他朝贡国之间的关系,更反衬出中朝关系与地处"东亚"而与清无邦交的日本之间关系的差别。由于中、朝、日在"东亚"区域的国际关系中皆具有重要性,前述考察提示,17至19世纪中叶的"东亚"国际秩序并非笼罩在任何单一制度化体制之下,"朝贡体制"或"朝贡贸易体制"不能涵盖该时代"东亚"地区国际关系和秩序格局,对相关的研究方法也需要反思。     

甲午前夕朝鲜海上对外贸易初探(1884-1893)

甲午前夕朝鲜对外贸易发生重大转型,进出口商品结构次第翻新,海上对日贸易取代陆上边境对华贸易成为其对外贸易的新主流。受不同贸易主导因素的影响,仁川、釜山、元山三口岸的具体贸易情形同中有异,支配朝鲜贸易活动的中日两国商人也各有优劣势。虽然有诸多不利因素制约着贸易的扩大,但对外贸易仍使朝鲜体验到外向型经济发展带来的好处。朝日贸易的互补性急剧增强是促使日本决心发动甲午战争进而吞并朝鲜的重要原因。     

驰骋西北的平阳商帮

平阳商帮作为晋商的一支,明清两代是其发展的重要阶段,清末民初逐渐由繁盛走向衰落。平阳商帮经贸西路,其经营地点基本为丝绸之路沿线城市如西安、兰州、银川、武威、酒泉、西宁等,其经营行业涉及盐业、冶铁业、布业、烟业及茶叶等。明朝"开中法"的实施为平阳商人经贸西路拉开了序幕,丝路贸易的繁荣吸引平阳商人前去经商,"互通有无"的商业模式给平阳商人提供了商机,便利的交通亦是平阳商人经贸西路的重要条件。     

清代泉州晋江沿海商人的乡族特征

Along with the promotion of Taiwan’s economic status in the mid-Qing Dynasty and the expansion of trade with the mainland, the merchants of Jinjiang County of Quanzhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty developed a business model focused on the growing cross-strait trade and coastal shipping in Southeast China. The success of these coastal traders in business was closely related to their full use of family and lineage. However, the links of family and lineage, at the same time, were problematical for these businessmen when exploiting economic opportunities. These complex family and lineage ties could either promote or obstruct the development of commercial capital depending on specific situations. Thus, the traditional argument that the family and lineage system hindered socio-economic development should be re-examined.     

清代山西商人和酒业经营

山西酒(來夕曲)制造特别是汾酒的酿造和经营在清代更为兴盛,汾酒在国内外的名气也更大.而在华北和江淮等地投资酒(來夕曲)踩造并从事酒(來夕曲)贩运的,就是山西商人,兴盛的北京酒业也基本上是由山西商人垄断的,体现出山西商人是从事酒(來夕曲)经营活动的重要力量.     

清末民初广州的行会工会化

“工商合行”是广州传统行会组织结构的主要特色。然而,随着清末民初资本主义生产关系的发展,尤其“劳工神圣”西潮的浸润与激荡及革命政权扶助劳工政策的实施,使得“工商合行”的行会模式开始了以“工商分离”为主题特征的行会工会化的艰难蜕变。不过,这种由行会孕育出来的工会组织的肌体上不可避免地附着“工商合行”的深深烙印,这在一定程度上削弱并阻碍了国民革命时期中国共产党对广州工人的政治与阶级动员。从阶级斗争与“工商合行”两种理念交锋而导致行会工会化“曲折与艰辛”的事实中,可以窥视到传统行会近代转型“变”与“不变”的新旧交合的复杂面相。     

宋代福建海商崛起之地理因素

宋代是我国海外贸易发展十分活跃的时代。居于东南沿海的福建,作为两宋时期重要的经济区域和海外贸易的重镇,福建海商在宋代海外贸易进程中所扮演的角色和作用日显突出,逐渐崛起为国内沿海商人的代表。本文试从陆路交通条件的改善、海路交通技术的发展、区域港口地位的上升三方面地理因素,来探讨福建海商相较于其他区域的海商而言,更有条件在宋代这一特殊的历史时期有着特殊的表现。     

British Catholics’ commercial strategies in times of international warfare (1688–1705)

This article investigates the British Catholic merchants’ commercial strategies during the Nine Years War (1689–1697) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713). By focusing on the tactics deployed by John Aylward and his partners in France and England, I argue that Catholicism fundamentally sustained Aylward’s trade by ensuring access to various markets and safer commercial plans. Catholicism had not only an economic dimension and Catholics in trade proved non-communal, working with co-religionists, family but also with non-Catholics in order to pursue profits. This article tells us how Catholicism, despite being a political and social impairment, was the key to success in commerce. It contributes to recent scholarship on religious minorities in trade and on how commerce functioned in the English Channel and in European waters at times of warfare.     

In Search of ‘Affectionate Regard’: American Merchant Lobbies and the State during the Atlantic Imperial Crisis*

This article revisits the politics of British merchants trading to North America in the period between 1763 and 1783. Their political success and failure in this critical period have been examined primarily in terms of their impact on the escalation of imperial crisis, with the day‐to‐day operation of merchant politics rarely taken into full account. This article takes an alternative approach of studying the political influence of merchants trading to North America within the context of their interaction with the state. By looking into the organisation, the process of lobbying, and the arguments that the merchants adopted, the article highlights how, in response to many sources of tension and uncertainty inherent within their relationship with the state, they demarcated their own areas of contribution to the shaping of commercial and colonial policy. Through the case study of merchants trading to North America, this article sheds further light on the necessity to understand the evolution of such modern political institutions as commercial lobbies in their specific economic and political contexts.     

Hierarchies of trade in Yiwu and Dushanbe: The case of an Uzbek merchant family from Tajikistan

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the trading trajectory of an Uzbek family of merchants from Tajikistan. This family runs businesses in both Tajikistan’s capital, Dushanbe, and China’s famous international trading city: Yiwu. The analysis is centred on the accounts placed by Tajikistan’s Uzbek merchants about their historically sustained experience, often across several generations, in trading activities. These merchants’ claims of belonging to a ‘historical’ trading community rather than being ‘newcomers’ to long-distance commerce are articulated in relation to notions of ‘hierarchies of trade’ as they evolve in a twofold relational model linking Yiwu’s Changchun neighbourhood and Dushanbe. I suggest that the forms of conviviality enacted in Yiwu’s Changchun neighbourhood need to be understood in terms of the historical, multinational and transregional contacts that have occurred within the spaces of the former Soviet Union, as well as along the China-Russia and China-Central Asian borders. Equally, the hierarchies of trade of Uzbek merchants from Tajikistan in Yiwu’s Changchun neighbourhood cut-across markers of identity that juxtapose the roles of Tajik and Uzbek communities in Tajikistan’s contemporary politics and economics.     

明清时期山东运河区域的徽商

明清时期,山东运河区域以其便利的交通,优良的棉、麦、梨、枣等土特产和市场活跃的工商业城镇,吸引大批徽商来此货殖;他们主要集中在临清、济宁等区域中心城市,从事布帛、食盐、典当、杂货、中药等行业的经营;徽商在侨寓地还进行联姻、入籍、科考、捐资等活动,树立起了"义利兼顾"的"良贾"形象.徽商在山东运河区域的长期居住经营,不仅在一定程度上改变了一些城镇的居民结构,而且促进了山东运河流域的南北物资文化交流,带动了这一区域社会经济的发展.     

Commerce and Empire in the Borderlands： How do Merchants and Trade Fit into Qing Frontier History？

As our understanding of the Qing empire and its various borderlands has evolved, so too have we come to appreciate China＇s early modem commercial sophistication. In recent North American studies of the Qing, the links between commerce and conquest have come under investigation, and we are increasingly urged to pay attention to merchants and merchant capital. But how should we understand the relationship between merchants and the Qing empire in the borderlands？ This article surveys selected work on the borderlands and commercialization, primarily in the Northwest and Southwest. The goal is to initiate a more comprehensive discussion of how to understand the intersection of commerce and empire while also making some suggestions for ways that borderlands history might shape future work on China.