徐永昌与阎锡山(十)

卅一、阎日勾结谍报频传,蒋介石派徐永昌实地视察,却一无所获“十二月事变”,标志着阎锡山联共抗日路线的终结。之后,他运用“中的哲学”,重新研究他同国民党和蒋介石、共产党和八路军,以及与日本侵略军的关系,再次“在三颗鸡蛋上跳舞”,为自己营造新的“三窟”,以求存在。对国民党,他认为大敌当前,蒋介石无暇整治他,毋须顾虑,且要争取蒋的援助;蒋也怕阎联共或降日以对付自己,所以尽量满足他在扩军和增饷方面的要求。共产党和八路军为了争取阎锡山继续抗战,派代表与阎谈判,确定了两军活动区域和分界线,达成互不侵犯的谅解,在一定程度上保持…     

全面抗战前红军改编谈判中的国共较量

中共是蒋介石的劲敌,也是西安事变善后的主要对象。蒋介石欲收服中共,中共要联蒋抗日。双方不同利益取向却有共同的抗日诉求。抗日促使双方和谈,以达成共识。红军安置问题是双方谈判的重中之重,以此为中心,国共展开较量,围绕红军防地、人数、编制和领导权等进行博弈。蒋介石极力压制中共要求,中共借东北军和十七路军还未完全撤离西安,以及国内的抗日氛围,要求蒋介石满足红军改编条件。受国际博弈和国内政争影响,蒋介石在红军改编问题上时而妥协、时而强硬,中共有限度忍让同时对原则性问题坚决不让步,最终蒋氏不得不妥协,在人数和编制上满足中共要求,但蒋介石觊觎红军领导权并欲控制中共,加之掌控了东北军和十七路军,导致红军改编未能实现。     

妥协与抗争:蒋介石与济南事件前后的对日决策

本文利用台北"国史馆"藏《蒋中正总统文物档案》、日本亚洲历史资料中心收藏的相关日文档案,及《蒋中正总统档案·事略稿本》等书中所收蒋介石日记,对蒋介石在济南事件前后对日决策中的表现进行系统梳理。研究发现,蒋的对日妥协、退让既是事实,但另一方面,无论是在谈判桌,还是在战场上,他也都不乏强硬的一面。面对日方赤裸裸的武力威胁和过高的谈判要价,他虽有不少退让,但从未完全屈服。尤其当认清日方的侵略本质后,他便开始想尽办法,改换策略,与其对抗。为了逼迫日方在谈判条件上让步,他顶住压力,力排众议,一再拒斥日方军事交涉的要求,并试图利用日本军、政界内部的矛盾、分歧,力争实现事件的外交解决。这些看似消极的抵抗,却收到不错的效果——日方被迫在谈判条件上让步。此后,蒋愈发强硬,最终致使日方未能实现其预定目标,南京国民政府也因此得以避免遭受更大的损失。     

张学良五访阎锡山

张学良五访阎锡山任振河在西安事变前的１至１０月间,张学良为寻找联共抗日的同路人,曾五次亲赴山西秘密访问阎锡山。阎锡山在“九·一八”事变前后,长期坚持“拥蒋剿共”和“亲日反共”的政策,直至１９３６年５月东征红军回师陕北后,他的政治态度才开始发生重大转变...     

蒋、阎之间的一场暗斗

蒋介石、阎锡山之间的明争暗斗历时数十年,有时剑拔弩张,兵戎相见,有时握手言欢,互相利用。本文记述的是抗日战争期间发生在晋西地区的一场蒋、阎暗斗。 晋西事变后,阎锡山为了补充和扩大自己的实力,进一步加紧了和日军的勾结,企图得到日军的援助和扶植,先后串演了“白壁关会谈”、“汾阳协定”、“安平会议”。 对于阎、日紧锣密鼓的勾搭,蒋介石看在眼里,记在心上,曾派人到吉县克难坡对阎锡山旁敲侧击。阎锡山则装出有苦难言的样子,     

蒋介石与中日三原则谈判

1935年间,中日两国在应对"华北事变"的同时,由最高外交当局进行过关于国家关系之三原则的谈判;作为中国最高领导人的蒋介石,又推动、指导了此次谈判。从1934年10月蒋介石写作《敌乎?友乎?》到1935年10月日本决定"三原则",中国方面首先"以进为退",借广田演说之机,由王宠惠提出了"三原则"而调整中日关系;在华北事变之后,又"以退为进",继续以蒋作宾明确提出对日"三原则"。日本则首先静观而不予回应,在华北事变之后,又开始了外交上的进攻:明确提出了自己的"三原则",并首先否决中方的"三原则"。中国政府在出师不利、东京谈判失败的情况下,于"五全大会"之后,在此前的"三原则"谈判基础上,在南京主动发起了与日本的调整国交谈判,并再次否决了日本的"广田三原则",使得中日"三原则"谈判无果而终。中日双方在谈判中的主动与被动之不断移位、攻守与进退之互相转换,使得彼此在成败与得失之间各有千秋。但相对于华北的风云诡谲和剑拔弩张,中日在东京、南京的谈判桌上所进行的外交斗争,其对于战前两国关系的能量与效果毕竟有限。     

傅作义举办的产马比赛会

关于傅作义将军,很少有人注意到他在担任绥远省主席时,曾经励精图治,为发展绥远经济采取的不少办法,这里仅就傅将军为发展绥远经济而倡议举办的一年一度的产马比赛会略述如下。傅作义是1931年任绥远省主席的,“九一八”事变后,日本侵略者侵占了东北三省,华北局势日趋严峻,国人力主开发西北,以巩固国防。     

历时10年之久的伪蒙小王朝——“蒙古联合自治政府”

一、赶走了傅作义,占据了绥远城 平津战事扩大后,日本关东军强烈要求大本营批准对西蒙直接用兵,以实现其侵占整个内蒙古的宿愿。     

日本知识分子对西安事变的评论——以与“中国统一化论战”的关联为中心

西安事变发生后,日本知识分子在各种媒体上对事变发表了为数众多的评论。关于蒋介石的生死与中国的命运,不同立场的知识分子或者主张蒋介石身亡将导致中国分裂,或者认为中国将维持统一,或者对大陆政策和"中国统一化论"均提出批判。一些论客强调"赤化"的威胁,而左翼论客则重视"人民战线"的进展。蒋介石归来后,日本舆论界形成"中国统一"的大合唱,并要求对日本的中国政策有所反省,从而引起了围绕"中国统一化"的讨论。这些评论深化了日本知识分子对中国的认识,却未能克服日本外交战略的根本矛盾,从而未能对全面侵华战争的发动起到批判作用。     

南京国民政府对日本渗透华南地区的应对——以福建事变为中心

九一八事变后,日本对中国的觊觎与侵略有全方位的战略考量,除在华北步步进逼外,日本也意图渗透华南地区,扶植亲日反蒋政权削弱南京国民政府。福建事变爆发前,日本对福建的渗透,既是基于日本传统的对闽政策,也意在利用粤桂闽三省的反蒋力量。福建事变爆发后,福建人民政府虽明确表示反蒋,但也与日本和中共协调以求生存。台湾军企图暗中干涉福建事变,南京国民政府则针锋相对展开行动。日本因素遂成为解决福建事变中各方博弈的重要筹码。南京国民政府利用民族情感,制造了陈铭枢等人“联共通日”的舆论,同时也联系日本,力图避免日本干涉。随着福建人民政府的垮台,福建事变落幕。在日本侵华背景下,围绕福建事变中日本因素的明争暗斗显示,对日关系已成为国民党内争中各方进行政治博弈的重要因素。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the