Dimensions of State Environmental Policies

States have developed an array of environmental programs in response to a variety of political and environmental factors. This article examines three state clean air programs—setting ambient standards, ambient monitoring, and enforcement—and shows how each program has a distinct set of empirical determinants, reflecting the programs' diverse purposes. States' ambient standards policies allocate resources among competing claimants, and consequently they reflect the balance of environmental politics in each state. Ambient monitoring programs reflect the degree to which states need and can process information about air pollution problems. The level of states' enforcement programs reflects the scope of the environmental problem in each state.     

鄝子妆戈的年代、国别及相关问题

淅川下寺M36出土的一柄铜戈上,刻有鄝子妆之用5字铭文[1],对于研究古代蓼国的历史与文化有重要价值。关于这件戈的年代、族属,目前还存在较多分歧。本文在以往研究的基础之上,结合相关文献记载和出土材料,主要讨论鄝子妆戈的年代和族属。     

Planning Policies,Market Processes and Public Attitudes: Evidence from Central Perth

Australian central cities have undergone fundamental changes during the last decade. They have typically experienced massive office construction, while losing much of their residential communities, architectural and cultural heritage, retailing role and some recreational attractions. Government authorities have facilitated and participated in many central city projects. A metropolitan-wide survey conducted in Perth on these subjects shows increased dependence on the private car, increased preference for suburban living and shopping, but some willingness to consider central city living, a demand for further community participation in central city planning, and a preference for the future expansion of most non-office activities in the central area. The survey indentified notable gaps between government policies for the development of Perth's central area on one hand, and the preferences of Perth's residents on the other.     

Measuring Complex State Policies: Pitfalls and Considerations,with an Application to Race and Welfare Policy

Welfare policy is multidimensional because of the political compromises, competing goals, and federalist structure underpinning it. This complexity has hindered measurement and, therefore, the comparability of research on race and welfare policy. This paper describes a measurement strategy that is transparent, replicable, and attuned to matching the assumptions of statistical models to the policy process. We demonstrate that this strategy leads to more nuanced conclusions regarding the relationship between minority caseloads and the flexibility of state welfare policies. The strategy and recommendations are adaptable to research agendas that scholars bring to the comparative study of welfare in the U.S. states, countries, or other units—and to other complex policies enacted in federal systems.     

Shifting Winds: Explaining Variation in State Policies to Promote Small‐Scale Wind Energy

States have increasingly taken leading roles in U.S. environmental policymaking over the past two decades. As laboratories of democracy, states have developed different levels and mixes of policies to address climate change, nonpoint source pollution, alternative energy, and other challenging environmental issues. Policy scholars have sought to explain variation in state environmental policy through two primary theoretical lenses: internal determinants and regional diffusion. While our understanding of state environmental policy adoption has grown to identify which variables are most important, less is known about how these variables interact in particular states to influence policy adoption. This study examines the interactions of variables from both theories to explain how state policies for small‐scale wind energy promotion were adopted in three U.S. states. Our results highlight the nuanced role of citizen ideology, which may be important in contexts at either end of the ideological spectrum but less important in the middle—where economic development is more critical. Results also indicate that interstate competition may be over environmental as well as economic leadership. Interestingly, strength of the wind resource is not necessarily correlated with policy adoption for small‐scale wind energy promotion.     

Restructuring British Public Sector Industrial Relations: State Policies and Trade Union Responses

This article examines how Conservative governments restructured public sector in day trial relations in Britain between 1979 and 1997, and identifies the main components of trade union strategic response to change. It argues that Conservative policy is important for its impact upon trade union strategy and practice, and that public sector unions constitute the leading edge of trade union strategic modernization in Britain.     

斯大林逝世与美国的反应和政策

1953年3月5日斯大林逝世后,艾森豪威尔政府迅速做出反应,并经过反复讨论,制定出一项利用斯大林逝世的心理战略计划,力图充分利用斯大林逝世提供的机会和苏联权力转移的内在困难,实施心理战和隐蔽行动,以削弱苏联的力量和影响。随着形势的发展,这一计划不断发展,构成艾森豪威尔政府国家安全政策的重要内容。美国对斯大林逝世的反应和政策不仅体现了美国遏制政策的加强,也揭露了美国图谋分裂社会主义阵营的实质。它折射了冷战斗争的严酷性,美国对外政策决策的适时性与实用性;同时也表明心理战、宣传战是美国重要的冷战战略武器,它对苏东剧变、冷战结束起了一种累积的、潜移默化的作用。     

芒砀山西汉梁国王陵墓葬相关问题初探

西汉梁国王陵墓群位于河南省永城市东北三十余公里的芒砀群山上,是一处分布非常集中的西汉梁国王室家族墓地,陵墓多数为“依山为陵,穿石为藏”的崖洞墓,也有少数用条石筑成的石室墓,1996年11月被国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位。近年来,芒砀山西汉梁国王陵墓地考古取得重大收获,出土一大批珍贵文物,曾两次荣获全国十大考古新发现,引起国内考古界的关注。     

Attitudes and impediments to pacifism in medieval Europe

The spirit of total pacifism can be discerned in medieval western Europe amongst individuals such as St Francis of Assisi, and within communities such as the Penitents and Humiliati in Italy and the Beguines of northern Europe: such people refused to become attached to the popular pastime of warfare; they found the taking of human life to be objectionable and sinful, and refused to fight under any circumstances, even in defence of their own towns or possessions.However, it was difficult to be a pacifist. Such a philosophy was not popular amongst the civic authorities. Even the medieval Church made it difficult to pursue such sentiments: pacifist groups tended to be tainted with heresy, and therefore to be rooted out. The thinking of medieval theologians and philosophers on the questions of war and peace tended to be ambivalent; and the Church was willing to approve and bless warfare, such as the crusades, for its own ends. The nature of warfare itself also militated against the spirit of pacifism.     

One Model Does Not Fit All: The Varied Politics of State Immigrant Policies, 2005–16

This article addresses conceptual and measurement challenges that complicate the study of state immigrant policies. First, given the multiple facets of immigrant‐related policy, policy‐specific effects may be obscured by highly aggregated outcomes variables. Second, variables of interest often capture both time‐varying and time‐invariant effects, potentially producing coefficients that are uninterpretable averages of both processes. This article presents a research design that addresses both of these obstacles and applies it to an original dataset of both integrative and punitive policies adopted over the period 2005–16. The findings suggest that the causal roles of growing immigrant populations, partisanship, and wealth vary across different clusters of immigrant policies and that average, cross‐state effects often differ from within‐state effects. Future research would do well to clearly link theoretical expectations to specific types of policy outcomes and test hypotheses over both integrative and restrictive outcomes.     

Global Restructuring,the Welfare State and Urban Programmes: Federal Policies and Inequality within Australian Cities

This paper is a prelude to a theme issue in 2003 on Australasian city and regional problems and policies. It considers the impact of economic restructuring on the level of inequality and disadvantage within Australian cities. Evidence is presented that Australian cities have become more unequal over the past two decades and this greater level of inequality has found concrete expression within the built environment. These patterns of inequality are distinct to Australia. It is argued that the Australian Government's reliance on tightly targeted income support policies and market-based solutions to economic disadvantage has contributed greatly to the concentration of low income and vulnerable households within certain sections of Australian cities.     

论清朝的民族政策

清代民族政策是清代政策体系的重要组成部分,也是中国封建社会民族政策发展水平和民族事务管理成就的最杰出代表,是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产。它经历了十几代人的不懈奋斗和各民族的共同创造,是中华民族集体智慧的结晶,是在多民族国家中妥善处理民族问题丰富经验的全面总结,我们应该正确地对待和科学地研究清代民族政策。清代民族政策是清朝统治阶级意志、利益和认识事物水平在管理民族事务、处理民族问题方面的集中体现,是清朝统治阶级对多民族国家的民族事务进行有效管理的最重要工具之一,是清朝统治阶级适应多民族国家社会发展需要的主要方式之一,清代民族政策是时代和社会发展变化的产物。从整体上看清朝民族政策的制定和实施,切合当时的社会现实和民族问题实际,有力地维护了多民族国家的统一和社会稳定,在民族事务管理和民族问题处理方面取得了超越前代、令人惊叹的成就,并对后世产生了非常深远的影响。     

扣通关

处于鲁南的滕州,地近孔孟之乡,因此民间交际特别讲究“礼俗”。有客人登门,主人无论贫富,总要设法弄上七个碟子八个碗的佳肴,和说得过去的“美酒”,请客人开怀畅饮,才算得体。为了让客人“尽情”“喝好”,一般要特约几个体面人或能说会道的陪酒。所谓“喝好”,就是要客人感到了醉酒,举止得体,但是又不能再喝了。在宴宾时劝酒的主要方式,就是“打通关”。