乡约司法职能探析——以清末吐鲁番厅为中心

清末新疆建省后,行政区划与祖国其他地区整齐划一,在中国传统社会行政兼理司法的制度下,吐鲁番直隶厅官厅负责辖区内各种案件的审理.由于案件数量较多,且大多数案件是涉及"细故"的自理词讼案件,官厅将自理案件中事实不清的疑难案件交由基层组织乡约协助调查和理处,乡约承担较多的司法职能.在熟人社会中,乡约承担司法职能具有天然优势,...     

清代新疆乡约治理蝗灾职能研究

自宋至清朝以来,乡约的防灾和救灾职能就一直存在,其救灾职能是由宋明乡约的互助职能演变而来。宋代乡约要求同约者互助,明朝乡约已经参与官府的救济工作,官府救济的对象由乡约来确定。及至清代,乡约作为基层行政组织在防灾和救灾方面所发挥的作用更大,可以说渗透到救灾和防灾的各个方面。这种情况下的乡村社会,乡约和官府处于一种良性互动的社会过程之中。这种互动,使得官府在面对自然灾害对所辖地区的民众既有经济方面资源的倾斜(如提供粮食等),也有政治方面维护所辖地区的稳定(如出动军队抗灾),进而在一定程度上维护了清朝在新疆的统治。     

略论晚清东北乡约

晚清时期东北地区的乡约具有发展迅速、普及面广、组织形式相对比较单纯、官役化色彩比较浓和衰落得比较快等明显的地方性特征.晚清东北乡约带有新兴垦区烙印的组织形式和突出的行政管理职能,说明它与关内乡约明显不同,而其旋兴旋废则说明,放弃乡约的教化和自治传统而一味强化其行政管理职能的乡约实践是失败的.     

从教化职能向政治职能的演变——以清至民国前期的新疆乡约为例

乡约最早成立于北宋年间。当时的乡约完全是一个单纯的教化制度。明中后期,许多州县已建立了乡约,朔望讲读圣谕或约规已经成为明朝封建教化的重要形式。但这一时期的一些乡约已经具有了诸如稽查奸宄、催征赋税、管理社仓等一些基层综合管理职能,从而开始了乡约的官役化过程。乡约制可以说是对以往新疆基层政治制度的发展。     

清末民初新疆汉族移民民间信仰研究综述

清末民初,新疆汉族移民的民间信仰源始于清朝定鼎西域。清朝乾隆时期新疆地区重新统一,随着清政府解禁政策的出台和出于政治统治的需要,大量的汉族以封疆官吏、驻屯士兵、农民商客和流犯遣员的身份涌入新疆,再次出现西向移民的高潮。伴随着内地大量的汉族移民涌入新疆,他们在参与新疆经济建设的同时把自身的多元信仰也带到了新疆,并在新疆独特的人文地理环境中不断吸收和融合当地少数民族的风俗习惯和信仰,逐渐形成了极具特色的汉族移民生活习俗和信仰。     

旅蒙晋商与内蒙古城市近代商会职能转变——以民国时期归绥、包头为中心的考察

旅蒙晋商是清代蒙古地区旅蒙商主力,清末民初政府对内地商人入蒙经商的限制放宽,他们中很大一部分在当地定居下来,主动或被动参与了当地城市经济近代化进程。带着对这一问题的思考,本文从旅蒙晋商与内蒙古城市近代商会职能转变这一视角入手,阐述了以归绥、包头为代表的内蒙古城市传统行社改组为近代商会的概况,揭示了晋籍商人在该地商会中所占比例和地位,以及他们在商会职能转变过程中的表现。     

清末民初新疆流通俄币述略

清末民初,俄币作为一种侵华的媒介,大量进入新疆地区。俄币在新疆的流通与使用有深刻的历史原因,极大地冲击了新疆原有的货币金融体系,对新疆各族人民的生活产生了深远的影响。     

清末才女李娓娓

李娓娓,字心兰。约生于清道光年问,卒于清末民初。陕西延川县孝和里(今马家河乡)李家塬人。祖父李步瀛,清嘉庆庚申(1800)科举人。父亲李宗沅,字霭山,嘉庆癸酉(1813)科举人,次年联捷进士,官至盐运使。钦赐头品顶戴,赠光禄大夫。李娓娓     

《文化新潮中的人伦礼俗(1895—1923)》

正清末民初(约1895—1923年)政治鼎革,文化剧变,人伦礼俗也随之发生了深刻变化。该书系统地梳理了近代精英思想与礼俗变迁的辩证关系。作者一方面从孝道、贞节观念和社会礼俗等层面,多角度地研究了五四新观念的确立、传播及其局限;另一方面以此时的主要文化娱乐为个案,从社会文化史视角考察了清末民初的京剧繁荣、商业化和坤角走红现象,并分析了"剧以载道"的思想转变。     

陈作霖父子与《金陵琐志九种》

《金陵琐志九种》是清末民初南京著名地方文史专家陈作霖、陈诒绂父子共同撰写的有关南京历史文化的重要乡邦文献,目前已由南京出版社出版。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the