Scale, causality, complexity and emergence: rethinking scale's ontological significance

Scale remains a pivotal yet highly contentious concept in geography. I survey the lively discussions engaged in recently by many critical/radical geographers regarding the theoretical status of scale. While these discussions have been intellectually fruitful, I argue that much more needs to be said. Drawing from complex systems theory, I argue that scale should be understood as an ontological category essential to understanding causality. Revalorising Aristotle's four categories of cause – formal, final, material and efficient – from two centuries of positivist thinking facilitates this endeavour. Research on the relationship between university-based poultry scientists and the poultry industry illustrates the explanatory potential of poly-scalar analysis.     

Emotions and affect in recent human geography

This paper seeks to examine both how emotions have been explored in emotional geography and also how affect has been understood in affectual geography. By tracing out the conceptual influences underlying emotional and affectual geography, I seek to understand both the similarities and differences between their approaches. I identify three key areas of agreement: a relational ontology that privileges fluidity; a privileging of proximity and intimacy in their accounts; and a favouring of ethnographic methods. Even so, there is a fundamental disagreement, concerning the relationship – or non-relationship – between emotions and affect. Yet, this split raises awkward questions for both approaches, about how emotions and affect are to be understood and also about their geographies. As importantly, mapping the agreements and disagreements within emotional and affectual geography helps with an exploration of the political implications of this work. I draw upon psychoanalytic geography to suggest ways of addressing certain snags in both emotional and affectual geography.     

German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801 by Freerick C. Beiser and German Philosophy, 1760–1860: THE LEGACY OF IDEALISM by Terry Pinkard

G erman I dealism : T he S truggle A gainst S ubjectivism , 1781–1801.
G erman P hilosophy , 1760–1860: THE LEGACY OF IDEALISM. By Terry Pinkard.     

Feminism and the Spaces of Transformation

Feminist political theory draws on particular spatial imaginations in elaborating a politics of transformation. This paper establishes this in relation to two familiar accounts of feminist transformation – those of Judith Butler and Luce Irigaray. Respectively I read their work as suggesting that transformation of gender relations takes the form of ubiquitous revolution, taking place everywhere, or a distant dream of an (im)possible future – elsewhere. The paper then turns to discuss the work of Julia Kristeva, often dismissed as not feminist and conservative. I read her work politically, within the frame of feminist theory. She offers a different, heterogeneous account of transformation, as both possible in the present and also limited by the existence and need for social and symbolic orders. In exploring the heterogeneous spatial imagination of her work, the paper suggests that the spatialities of abjection are diverse and productive. Abjection is not simply about devising territories and borders. Moreover, dominant spatialities cannot be described as simply masculine. Finally, drawing links with Lefebvre's account of representational spaces, I argue that Kristeva's work can be extended to inform our understanding of how spaces themselves can be transformed.     

Ostpolitik or Westpolitik? British Foreign Policy, 1968–75

Works reviewed:
Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume I: Britain and the Soviet Union, 1968–1972
Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume II: The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1972–1975     

RADIOCARBON-DATED DESTRUCTION LAYERS: A SKELETON FOR IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY IN THE LEVANT

We present a full-sequence radiocarbon-based chronological system for the Iron Age in the Levant, anchored on the dating of ten destruction layers for the years 1130–730 BC. We establish the sequence using two methods – the 'uncalibrated weighted average' and the Bayesian modelling. Utilizing four dating tools in combination – radiocarbon measurements, field stratigraphy, pottery typology and ancient Near Eastern historical records – facilitates solutions to chronological problems that are far beyond the resolving power of ¹⁴C dating alone. The results shed light on disputed issues related to biblical and ancient Near Eastern history, such as the expansion of the early Israelite polity from the highlands to the lowlands; the nature of the Shoshenq I campaign to Canaan; and the evolution of the conflict between northern Israel and Aram Damascus.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Tudor Ireland: Crown, Community and the Conflict of Cultures 1470–1603. By Steven G. Ellis.
The Reign of Elizabeth I . Edited by Christopher Haigh.
The Road to Revolution: Scotland under Charles I, 1625–37. By Maurice Lee, jr.
Dangerous Positions: Mixed Government, the Estates of the Realm, and the Making of the 'Answer to the XIX Propositions'. By Michael Mendle.
The Jewish Community in British Politics. By Geoffrey Alderman.
The Cross of Saint Patrick: The Catholic Unionist Tradition in Ireland. By John Biggs-Davison and George Chowdharay-Best.
English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime. (Cambridge Studies in the History and Theory of Politics). By J. C. D. Clark.
Goodwin Wharton. By J. Kent Clark.
The Scottish Enlightenment and the Militia Issue. By John Robertson.
Lord Grenville 1759–1834. By Peter Jupp.
Henry Brougham: His Public Career 1778–1868. By Robert Stewart.
The Ballot Question in Nineteenth-Century English Politics. By Bruce L. Kinzer.
'Orator Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working-Class Radicalism. By John Belchem.
Catholic Emancipation: Daniel O'Connell and the Birth of Irish Democracy 1820–30. By Fergus O'Ferrall.
Gladstone, Politics and Religion: A Collection of Founder's Day Lectures Delivered at St. Deiniol's Library, Hawarden, 1967–83. Edited by Peter J. Jagger.
The Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Era of Disraeli and Gladstone. By Marvin Swartz.
Austen Chamberlain: Gentleman in Politics. By David Dutton.
The First Labour Party 1906–14. Edited by K. D. Brown.
Victor Grayson: Labour's Lost Leader. By David Clark.
Lloyd George: From Peace to War 1912–1916. By John Grigg.
The Changing Constitution: Edited by Jeffrey Jowell and Dawn Oliver.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Reform and Revival: English Government in Ireland 1470–1534. By Steven G. Ellis.
Anti-Calvinists.: The Rise of English Arminianism 1590–1640. By Nicholas Tyacke.
Archbishop William Laud. By Charles Carlton.
Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660. By Ann Hughes.
Soldiers and Statesmen: The General Council of the Army and its Debates, 1647–1648. By Austin Woolrych.
London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis. By Tim Harris.
John Locke's Liberalism. By Ruth W. Grant.
The Political Philosophy of Edmund Burke. By Iain Hampsher-Monk.
Liberal Anglican Politics: Whiggery, Religion and Reform 1830–1841. By Richard Brent.
Peel and the Victorians. By Donald Read.
Politics and the Churches in Great Britain 1869 to 1921. By G. I. T. Machin.
Corruption in British Politics 1895–1930. By G. R. Searle.
Éamon de Valera. By Owen Dudley Edwards.
Road to Victory: Winston S. Churchill 1941–1945. By Martin Gilbert.
The First Thatcher Government 1979–83: Contemporary Conservatism and Economic Change. By Martin Holmes.     

Changing industrial production systems and regional development in the New Europe

The continuing expansion and deepening integration of the European Union is redefining the map of threats and opportunities for both companies and regions in Europe. In this paper I analyze the changing geography of the production system in three industries – automobiles, clothing and steel – as a product of the strategies and tactics of companies, states (at EU, national and regional levels) and trades unions, as they seek to shape geographies of production to favour their interests within this changing European political–economic space. It is argued that the end product of this process will be the creation of new and sharper forms of regional uneven development and qualitative differentiation between regions, as well as a renewed widening rather than further narrowing of regional differences in economic performance and well–being.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
England's Empty Throne. Usurpation and the Language of Legitimation 1399–1422. By Paul Strohm.
The Wars of the Roses. Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509. By Christine Carpenter.
King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom. By W. B. Patterson.
Dismembering the Body Politic. Partisan Politics in England's Towns 1650–1730. By Paul Halliday.
Gentleman Radical. A Life of John Home Tooke 1736–1812. By Christina and David Bewley.
A War of Ideas. British Attitudes to the Wars against Revolutionary France, 1792–1802. By Emma Vincent Macleod.
Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders. By Don Herzog.
Re-Reading the Constitution. New Narratives in the Political History of England's Long Nineteenth Century. Edited by James Vernon.
Reform and Respectability. The Making of a Middle-Class Liberalism in Early Nineteenth-Century Manchester , By Michael Turner.
Political Unions, Popular Politics and the Great Reform Act of 1832. By Nancy D. LoPatin.
The Journal of John Wodehouse First Earl of Kimberley for 1862–1902. Edited by Angus Hawkins and John Powell.
Liberal by Principle. The Politics of John Wodehouse 1st Earl of Kimberley, 1843–1902. Edited by John Powell.
The Women's Suffrage Movement. New Feminist Perspectives. Edited by Maroula Joannou and June Purvis.
Suffrage and Power. The Women's Movement 1918–1928. By Cheryl Law.
The Politics of the British Constitution. By Michael Foley.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
'Observations, Rules and Orders of the House of Commons': An Early Procedural Collection. Edited by W. R. McKay.
Clerks in the House of Commons 1363–1989: A Biographical List. By W. R. McKay.
English Politics in the Thirteenth Century. By Michael Prestwich.
The Governance of Late Medieval England, 1272–1461. By A. L. Brown.
Mary Tudor: A Life. By David Loades.
Elizabeth I. By Christopher Haigh.
The Writings of William Walwyn. Edited by Jack R. McMichael and Barbara Taft.
The Cavalier Parliament and the Reconstruction of the Old Regime, 1661–1667. By Paul Seaward.
Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath, 1698–1732 . Edited by Daniel Szechi.
An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750. By George R. Boyer.
Government and Expertise: Specialists, Administrators and Professionals, 1860–1919. Edited by Roy MacLeod.
Katharine Atholl 1874–1960: Against the Tide . By S. J. Hetherington.
The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy. By David Cannadine.     

Book reviews

Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage. By D. A. Bullough.
The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe . By Valerie I. J. Flint.
Dark Age Naval Power . By John Haywood.
Goths and Romans 332–489. By P. J. Heather.
The Goths in the Fourth Century . By Peter Heather and John Matthews
The External School in Carolingian Society . By M. M. Hildebrandt.
Handbook for William: A Carolingian Woman's Counsel for her Son , by Dhuoda.
Wulfstan of Winchester: The Life of St æthelwold . Edited by Michael Lapidge and Michael Winterbottom.
The End of Ancient Christianity. By Robert Markus.
Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse . By Averil Cameron. Berkeley
The Annals of St-Bertin (Ninth-century Histories, volume I). Translated and annotated by Janet L. Nelson
Ireland and Northern France AD 600–810. Edited by Jean-Michel Picard
The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900. Edited by L. Webster and J. Backhouse     

Reviews

Book revieved in this article:
The ship of the Line Volume I: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850
West Coast shipping M. K. STAMMERS
CARL OLOF CEDERLUND     

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article:
From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World. By Michael Grant.
Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, A.D. 312–460. By E.D. Hunt.
Sporfs in the Western World. By William J. Baker.
The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606–1661. By Jonathan I. Israel.
War and Society zn Rmolutionay Europe, 1770–1870. By Geoffrey Best.
English Zionists and British Jews: The Communal Politics of Anglo-Jewry, 1895–1920. By Stuart A. Cohen.
The Republic in the Village: The People of the French Revolution to the Second Republic. By Maurice Agulhon.
The Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. By Warren B. Morris, Jr.
From Italy to San Francisco: The Immigrant Experience. By Dino Cinel.
Long Memory: The Black Experience in America. By Mary Frances Beny and John W. Blassingame
The Northern Frontier of New Spain. By Peter Gerhard.
Government and Society in Central America, 1680–1840. By Miles L. Wortman.
The Black Man in Slazgeiy and Freedom in Colonial Brazil. By A. J. R. Russell-Wood.
A Functional Past: The Uses of History in Nineteenth Century Chile. By Allen Woll.     

On the chronology of the South Arabian martyrdoms

In a persuasive article ( AAE 1: 1990: 110–128), F. de Blois has argued for A.D. 523 as the year of the South Arabian martyrdoms. There are a few errors in this otherwise sober and balanced article, which I have pointed out in this short communication in the hope that they will be eliminated in future discussions of this problem.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Royal Mace in the House of Commons. By Peter Thorne.
The Mental World of the Jacobean Court. Edited by Linda Levy Peck.
Prelate as Pastor. By Kenneth Fincham.
An Uncounselled King. Charles I and the Scottish Troubles, 1637–1641. By Peter Donald.
English Conservatism Since the Restoration: An Introduction and Anthology. By Robert Eccleshall.
Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677–1683. By Jonathan Scott.
Gentlemen and Barristers: The Inns of Court and the English Bar, 1680–1730. By David Lemmings.
Robert Walpole and the Nature of Politics in Early Eighteenth Century England. By Jeremy Black.
'Organise !Organise! Organise!': A Study of Reform Agitations in Wales, 1840–1886. By Ryland Wallace.
Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1850–1930. By Stefan Collini.
A Different World for Women. The Life of Millicent Garret Fawcett. By David Rubinstein.
Lloyd George. By Stephen Constantine.
Herbert Samuel: A Political Life. By Bernard Wasserstein.
Private Members' Bills. By David Marsh and Melvyn Read.     

FEATURE REVIEW

Feature reviews in this article
Michael L. Krenn. U.S. Policy toward Economic Nationalism in Latin America, 1917–1929 . Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1990.
Gerald K. Haines. The Americanization of Brazil: A Study of U.S. Cold War Diplomacy in the Third World, 1945–1954 . Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1989.
Ruth Leacock. Requiem for Revolution: The United States and Brazil, 1961–1969 . Kent: Kent State University Press, 1990.
Michael J. Cohen. Truman and Israel . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Warren I. Cohen and Akira Iriye, eds. The Great Powers in East Asia, 1953–1960 . New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
Rosemary Foot. A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.     

Satan and His Persecutors: Two Recent Books

R. I. M oore : The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe 950–1250
H. A. K elly : The Devil at Baptism: Ritual, Theology and Drama, Ithaca and London