甲骨学发展的新总结——评《中国甲骨学》

一在甲骨文发现110周年之际,王宇信先生的新著——《中国甲骨学》问世了。该书是阐述110年来甲骨学发展历程与成就的煌煌巨著,全书分上、中、下三篇,共28章,总计90余万字。王宇信先生长期关注甲骨学的历史发展状况。他曾先后出版过两本专著———《建     

Agricultural slope management and soil erosion at La Laguna,Tlaxcala, Mexico

Several superimposed systems of agricultural terracing are preserved at the archaeological site of La Laguna in central Mexico. Excavations uncovered complex stratigraphic sequences of terrace fills and colluvial deposits. Their chronology was established by radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and the presence of diagnostic features and artifacts. The Formative occupations of the site (ca. 600–400 BC and 100 BC–AD 100) resulted in severe erosion and exposure of indurated subsoil horizons. In the Middle to Late Postclassic (AD 1150–1520) stone-walled terraces were built to recover the degraded slopes for cultivation. Renewed reclamation works have been undertaken since the Colonial period, eventually taking the form of sloping-field terraces with berms planted in maguey. The reconstructed sequence of local land use underscores the risks of dating agricultural features by association with sherd scatters, as well as the complexity of the relationships between demographic variables, agricultural intensity and terracing.     

Archaeological markers of agricultural risk management

Managing agricultural risk, or variance in annual production, is a priority for farmers and herders. This article reviews the ethnographic and historical literature on agricultural risk management and identifies diversification and intensification as two distinct approaches to managing risk. Quantitative analysis of plant and animal remains from archaeological sites produces robust datasets that can be used to test predictions of risk management models related to diversification and intensification strategies. I present a variety of established and novel paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological measures that have implications for risk management and argue that multiple lines of evidence are needed to identify risk-management practices from archaeological remains. The article concludes with a case study of the multiperiod urban center of Gordion in central Turkey, where quantitative analysis of plant and animal remains demonstrates diachronic changes in agricultural risk management over 3000 years of occupation.     

Alternative adaptive regimes for integrating foraging and farming activities

There are two distinct forager-farmer adaptive regimes evidenced in the ethnographic record: an ancillary and surplus cultivation regime. Societies characterized by these different regimes define different systems for allocating time to the production of domesticated plants. Cross-cultural patterns support the proposition that two socioecological conditions are logically necessary in order for an ancillary cultivation regime to develop and persist within a population of foragers. Wild resources must be sufficiently available, and farmers who produce a surplus of crops must be available to exchange with, live with or raid to redistribute crops after an episode of crop loss. The cross-cultural presence of two empirically distinct regimes for integrating foraging and farming is a useful frame of reference for evaluating how prehistoric foragers first integrated foraging and farming activities in archaeological contexts of secondary crop acquisition. A preliminary examination indicates that the ethnographic patterns are most consistent with the interpretation that the earliest farmers to inhabit the American Southwest produced at least a minimal surplus of domesticated plants. It is postulated that the adoption of a surplus cultivation regime by a population creates the adaptive opportunity for ancillary cultivation to develop and persist on a landscape.     

Numerical Analyses of the Effectiveness of Soft Barriers into the Soil for the Mitigation of Seismic Risk

An approach to mitigate the seismic risk of existing structures by means of the creation of a continuous thin layer of grouted soil at a convenient depth is presented. A parametric numerical analysis is reported using different constitutive models with reference to two geometrical schemes. It is shown that if the grouted layer has a stiffness significantly lower than that of the surrounding soil, it may be effective in reducing the seismic demand. In the parametric analyses, the positive role of yielding is also observed, which indicates that the barrier is more effective with larger input amplitudes.     

发展农业旅游,缓解“三农”问题——兼论农业旅游的经济社会影响

农业旅游既是一种新兴的旅游方式,又是一种新型的农业生产经营形式。发展农业旅游可以调整农业经济结构,培育农村新的经济增长点,安置农村剩余劳动力,促进农民增收,改变农村整体面貌,从而缓解三农业问题。     

文化遗产保护中的风险评估——以“台州府城墙”洪灾为例

文化遗产风险管理是近十年国际、国内文化遗产保护领域越来越引起重视的课题之一,而风险评估是风险管理的重要环节。本文以ICCROM-CCI-ICN三家研究机构制定的"风险管理"体系为主要依据,以"台州府城墙"洪灾研究为实例,介绍风险管理基本概念,探讨文化遗产"风险评估"的研究方法,并结合台州府城墙保护实践思考遗产风险评估对文化遗产保护的影响。     

Using chaîne opératoire and communities of practice to identify interaction in the Contact and Mission periods in southern Georgia,AD 1540–1715

ABSTRACT

In this article, the pottery production of indigenous groups living inside and outside of colonial spaces in southern Georgia is compared by identifying portions of the chaîne opératoire of pottery production. Diachronic and geographic changes to production demonstrate that groups living in the interior of Georgia were in continual interaction with coastal groups in the mission system. This interaction likely contributed to the emergence of the Altamaha pottery tradition, which spread from southern South Carolina to northern Florida during Spanish colonization of the region. This research shows that Native American groups navigating colonialism drew on a wide network of communities to alter traditions in the face of unprecedented social change.     

洛阳地区汉墓出土陶明器上谷物文字的初步研究

本文对洛阳地区汉墓出土陶明器上书写的谷物文字进行了分类梳理,将其发展过程分为滥觞、鼎盛、衰亡三个阶段,并对各阶段特点加以总结。根据西汉晚期至东汉各种谷物文字数量的统计,可知当时已经形成了以粟、黍为首要作物的种植农业体系;与此同时随葬谷物及陶仓的广泛出现,也在一定程度上反映了汉代人们的生活状况和思想观念。     

论民国地方性农业科研机构的历史命运--以江西省农业院为中心

江西省农业院是1934年3月设立的一个全省性的农业技术改进和推广机构,在其存在的15年历史中,从许多方面对江西农业现代化进行了卓有成效的探索,做出了巨大的贡献。但由于缺乏相应的社会条件作支撑,其推进农业现代化的种种努力最终逃脱不了失败的命运。     

有关农业产业化与农业社会化服务体系问题探讨

农业产业化是现代农业发展的趋势和特点。在我国农业产业化作为一种新的生产经营方式,是改革与发展的产物。健全和完善不同特色系列的农业社会化服务体系是农业产业化发展的客观要求和保证,二者相辅相成。本文以陕西关中地区为例,在分析现状特点、存在问题、相互关系的基础上,提出了适宜重点发展的四种\"匹配模式\"。并认为在思想上,要实现\"三破三立\";在战略上,要调整和优化\"三大结构\";在举措上,要做到\"三个依靠、三个结合。     

农科留学生与中国近代农业科技体制化建设

近代以来,农科留学生引进了西方先进的农业科学知识,促进了我国的农业科技近代化进程.近代农科留学生为了促进中国农业科技的发展,实现"科学救国"的愿望,在农业科技体制化方面进行了积极而有意义的探索和实践,组织、创办中华农学会等全国性农业学术团体,创办<中华农学会报>、<林学>、<畜牧兽医>等农业科学刊物;组建中央农业实验所等全国性农业科研机构,推进农业科研工作;创建新系科,编写新教材,积极投身到近代中国农业新学科的开拓之中,在中国近代农业科技体制化建设过程中发挥了重要的作用.     

汉阳陵出土陶牛的葬仪内涵

西汉景帝阳陵自上世纪90年代开展考古工作以来,现已清理了陵园建筑基址、外藏坑、陪葬墓等诸多遗存,出土了极其丰富的各种遗物,其中陶猪、陶羊、陶狗、陶鸡、陶牛等陶塑动物为一大宗。相对而言,陶牛数量不是很多,但仔细分     

殷墟花东H3卜辞中"迟弓、恒弓、疾弓"考

<花东>37版有"迟彝弓、恒弓、疾弓"三种不同的弓,它们分别相当于文献中的王、弧、唐、大、夹、庾之弓.它们使用于H3卜辞主人"子"在学射礼即将结束时.本文对"迟彝弓、恒弓、疾弓"三种不同弓的考证,不仅有助于深化H3卜辞研究,而且对商代、西周、春秋时期的射箭工具的继承和发展也有一定的认识.     

通古斯巴西古城遗址土体特性及PS加固试验

通古斯巴西古城遗址是新疆重要的土遗址之一,原为唐龟兹驻兵的安西都护府所在地。遗址中曾出土大批文物,对于研究西域的屯垦历史和古代城址布局等有重大意义。为了系统地研究了通古斯巴西古城遗址土的工程特性,在实地调查的基础上,通过室内试验对通古斯巴西古城遗址土的物理、力学、水理和化学性能进行测试。此外,还测定了不同PS浓度加固后遗址土重塑土块抵抗风蚀雨蚀能力的差异,进一步确定了PS的渗透加固措施对土质文物的防风化及雨蚀效果。结果表明,7%的PS溶液防风化抗雨蚀效果要更为显著。研究结果可为PS的施工应用提供依据。     

降雨时长对土壤结皮发育性能的影响研究

室外土遗址经常因遭遇降雨、水淹等发生结皮,造成土遗址表层性能改变,影响土遗址的进一步保护。以定量纯净黄土在等降雨大小下,通过控制不同降雨时长,试验了不同降雨时长下土壤结皮发育的过程,分别测试了降雨前后的结皮厚度、密度、硬度及孔隙结构。结果表明,在降雨量未达到饱和状态时,随降雨量增大,结皮层的厚度、密度、硬度迅速增大,表皮土壤颗粒被击碎,孔隙迅速减小;在降雨量达到饱和状态时,随降雨量增大,结皮层的厚度、密度、硬度缓慢增大,但表皮土壤裂缝迅速发育,由周围向中心形成同心圆状或辐射状裂隙。研究结论可为室外土遗址的保护提供参考。     

“There are only realities built in the mind”

Abstract

In the wake of the First World War, Vilhelm Bjerknes and his colleagues in Bergen established their so-called front meteorology. With their new concepts and models they “appropriated” the weather – to use Robert Marc Friedman's expression – for physics and for Norwegian science. A regular weather forecasting service was established at the same time for the whole of the Norwegian coast, and fishermen soon became the meteorologists’ primary allies in their struggle for state support and resources. This article examines how the alliance was established, how weather forecasting was “appropriated” by the coastal population, particularly in the north, and what difference this made.