试论殷墟文化分期与殷墟青铜器分期的关系问题

殷墟作为都城应始于武丁而非盘庚 ,早于武丁的三家庄期商文化应当从殷墟文化分期中分离出去 ,相应的殷墟青铜器分期中也不应包括郑振香、陈志达先生所划分的第一期早段和杨锡璋等先生的第一期。实无将殷墟青铜器分期独立于文化分期以外之必要 ,郑、陈先生依据文化分期所做的青铜器分期 ,相比之下更清晰明了     

试论郑州二里岗期商文化的渊源——兼论郑州商城与偃师商城的关系

新中国刚成立不久就被发现和发掘的郑州二里岗期商文化遗存,是我国田野考古工作中取得的重大成果之一。无论是从地层叠压关系还是从器物的发展变化方面都可以清楚地看出:郑州二里岗期商文化的年代早于安阳殷墟文化,安阳小屯的殷墟文化是从郑州二里岗期的商文化发展来的,此处无需赘述。关于郑州二里岗期商文化的来源问题,学术界的意见还有分歧:一种意见认为它主要是在二里头文化三、四期的基础上发展起来的,同时受到豫北和豫东地区先商和早商文化的影响;另一种意见认为它是在豫北地区的先商(包括早商)文化的基础上发展起来的,受了二里头文化的较大影响。这     

殷墟四合院式建筑基址考察

对殷墟某一区域建筑基址的大面积揭露,在殷墟考古上是极为难得的.这次发掘出来的六排四合院式建筑基址,排列有序,建筑形式相同,布局严谨,规划设计明确.但规格和等级明显偏低.它很可能是商王室下属的一处重要官邸或是殷商时期某一阶段某个族的核心建筑遗存.其始建年代应在殷墟文化第四期偏早阶段,毁弃时期应在殷墟文化第四期晚段,即武王灭商及其以后时期.     

从商文化看商王朝的南土

本文着重从商文化在南方的分布变化探讨商王朝的南土.近年,随着一批新材料的公布,我们认识到在二里岗上层至殷墟一期阶段,商文化在南方已经越过霍山,势力发展到安庆一带,并在强盛时突破石门皂市——岳阳铜鼓山一线,推进到了江西樟树市附近.而在西南方要远至商洛的东龙山,东南方达盐城龙岗.殷墟二至四期阶段荥阳小胡村和正阳傅寨两处族墓地的发现,填补了安阳至罗山一直鲜有晚商时期商文化遗存发现的空白,对殷墟二至四期商文化的南界在罗山一带提供了支持.此外,本文还总结出了南方地区商周分界的三项标准.     

“九世之乱”的考古学初步观察

"九世之乱"时期是有商一代由二里冈时期向殷墟期过渡的重要时期。在这一时期都城和统治中心区、地方中心聚落和实际控制区域都发生剧烈的变化。隐藏在这些现象之下的是商文化在扩张方向和扩张方式上的变革,具体体现在虽四面出击但重北方和东方,以战争和结盟两种方式扩大商文化的影响范围,而正是这些变化为其后的殷墟晚商文化奠定了坚实的基础。     

"中商文化"概念的意义及其相关问题

所谓中商文化就是商代中期文化。将商代的考古学文化划分为早、中、晚三个时期,早在 20世纪50年代末60年代初就已开始,但那个时候的早商文化,指的是洛达庙期(即二里头期) 文化,中商文化指的是二里冈期文化,晚商文化指的是殷墟期文化。当时还将成汤居亳到盘庚迁     

山东地区商文化编年与类型研究

本文在全面分析山东商文化陶器演变的基础上 ,对山东地区商文化遗址进行了统一编年。商文化在二里岗上层晚段开始出现于鲁西地区 ,并由此向东扩展到鲁北、鲁中南地区 ,殷墟一期前后到达淄河流域 ,四期时已进至淄流域及沂河西岸。商文化在山东各地呈现着强烈的相似性 ,又有局部的文化特色 ,表明了商文化在山东地区可能存在着不同的文化类型     

山西柳林高红遗址2007年发掘简报

高红遗址位于高红村南800米处的一座山梁上。2007年3月—6月,为配合柳林高红工业园区建设工程,山西省考古研究所等单位在遗址东南边缘进行考古发掘,发现的重要遗迹有晚商时期夯土房址,遗物以陶片为主。经过和李家崖文化遗迹、遗物的对比分析,认为高红晚商遗存是李家崖文化的一个地方类型,其上限可至殷墟二期,下限当在殷墟四期。     

下七垣文化的再认识

下七垣文化的再认识魏峻（北京大学考古学系）自本世纪２０年代末安阳殷墟的发掘开始,商文明便一直是学术界探讨的热点之一。随着殷墟为代表的晚商文化和二里冈遗址为代表的早商文化的逐渐确立,探求比二里冈下层文化更早的商文化（即先商文化）的问题也日益受到了学术界...     

殷墟出土晚商陶器所见晋陕冀地区诸考古学文化因素

正作为晚商王朝政治、经济与文化中心,"大邑商"无论是等级、规模、人口、物质文化发达程度,还是人员与文化来源的多样性,都远超同时期的任何城邑。对殷墟陶器的认识,是晚商时期遗存研究的基础。无论是构建晚商时期年代学标尺,还是辨识典型商文化的内涵,无不以殷墟的陶器认知为基础。随着材料的积累和认识的深入,学术界已经认识到,殷墟遗址群陶器的文化因素及其来源并不单纯,陶器群的构成也并不单一。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.