秦俑两军建制与奇正战术——从“四号坑”说起

当年兵马俑发掘者对"四号坑"的认定虽然缺乏坚实的考古依据,但理论上确认"四号俑坑"符合先秦左、中、右三军建制。之后有学者质疑"四号坑",但学界主流论点仍认为"四号坑"为未建成的俑坑。本文通过对原始资料的进一步检索分析,并结合奇正战术理论,进一步确认"四号坑"非拟建之俑坑。进而论证兵马俑战术布局不是左、中、右三军建制,而是按照奇正战术原则,一正一奇的两军配置,在兵马俑布局及战术思想研究方面提出了新认识。     

三星堆遗址二号坑出土青铜立人像试释

三星堆遗址二号坑出土青铜立人像试释黄家祥１９８６年７、８月在四川厂汉三星堆遗址先后发现两个土坑,一号坑与二号坑相距约３０米。一号坑出土玉石礼器较多,同时也出土有青铜器;二号坑是以出土大型青铜器为主,同时出有象牙、玉石器等遗物。两坑内所出金、铜、玉、石...     

试析三星堆遗址商代一号坑的性质及有关问题

1986年,四川省广汉县三星堆遗址所发现的商代一坑号出土了三百多件珍贵文物,引起了国内外学者的重视。这批文物的出土提出了不少问题,其中之一就是一号坑的性质问题。有的同志根据一号坑中出土的青铜人头像、金杖等遗物认为一号坑是“墓葬陪葬坑”;有的同志根据1929年燕家院子出土的一坑玉石器和六十年代初在曾家院子出土的一坑石料联系彭县竹瓦街出土的两次窖藏铜器,则认为一号坑是“窖藏”;还有的认为是“宗庙扫庭”的遗物。     

汉茂陵“阳信家”铜器所有者的问题

"阳信家"铜器出土于汉武帝茂陵东边一号无名冢之南的一号从葬坑。从报告所示的位置图看,一号无名冢应是茂陵的一座陪葬墓,一号从葬坑可能是这座陪葬墓的随葬坑。这批"阳信家"铜器,是继1962年汉长安城西南郊今三桥高窑村发现的"上林"铜器之后的又一次重要发现,它理所当然地受到了人们的注意。编写报告的同志推定这批铜器属于武帝之姊阳信长公主家之物,其说可从。但报告过于简略,论证似欠充分,所以想写一点补充,希望有助于问题的研究。     

履带下的奇迹——西安北方郊出土的西汉金饼

1999年11月2日清晨,西安市未央区谭家乡东十里铺村旁的新华砖厂推土机作业时,履带被出土的金饼卡住,遂发现一处堆满金饼的土坑(1号坑),出土的金饼被民工哄抢、私分。警方闻讯进行调查,追缴回金饼112枚。11月5日又发现-坑金饼(2号坑),警方现场清点,共107枚。无一散失。两坑出土金饼合计219枚。2000年9月。经陕西省物局协调。2号坑出土的107枚和追回的3枚共110枚金饼移交陕西历史博物馆收藏;另外109枚金饼移交西安市物保护研究所收藏。     

秦始皇陵东侧第三号兵马俑坑清理简报

在秦始皇陵东侧继第一、二号兵马俑坑之后,于1976年6月通过钻探又发现了第三号兵马俑坑。它位于第一号兵马俑坑的西端北侧,两坑相距25米,东距第二号兵马俑坑约120米(图一)。1977年3月至12月对第三号兵马俑坑进行了发掘。参加发掘工作的有秦俑坑考古工作队及秦俑坑考古进修班的全体学员。第三号兵马俑坑面积较小,约520平方米,仅为第一号兵马俑坑的二十七分之一,     

四号坑是未建成之俑坑说质疑

《秦始皇东侧第三号兵马俑坑清理简报》曰:“在二、三号坑之间还有一个未建成的废弃坑,面积约4600平方米,仅有土扩,未发现木构建筑遗迹及砖铺地,也未见陶俑、陶马等文物,这有可能是拟议中的一个军阵;因陈胜、吴广领导的农民起义爆发,而未能建成。”由于认为该坑是一个未建成的兵马俑军阵,故称其为秦俑四号坑     

对“四号坑”调查钻探情况的补充说明

秦俑馆在对第二号兵马俑坑正式发掘的同时,对二、三号俑坑间的“四号坑”(原探名废弃坑)的西北隅也进行了清理发掘.保护了发掘遗迹;并对坑的范围作了明显的保护标志.这对于保护遗址遗迹和对秦兵马俑坑一组的全面研究,深入探讨,无疑是一种科学的措举.这个坑钻探发现后,未作过正式报导.袁仲一先生和我在《秦始皇陵东侧第三号兵马俑坑清理简报》结语中写了:“在二,三号俑坑间,还有一个未建成的废弃坑,面积4600平方米,仅有土扩,未发现木构建筑遗迹及铺地砖,也未见陶俑,陶马等文物.这有可能是拟议中的一个军阵.因陈胜,吴广领导的农民起义暴发,而未能建成.”     

广汉三星堆一、二号坑两个问题的探讨

广汉三星堆一、二号坑规模之大,出土遗物数量之多、种类之丰富,是巴蜀文化遗存中仅见的(简报分别见本刊1987年第10期及本期)。这里试就有关的两个问题进行探讨,以就正于方家。 (一)关于一、二号坑的性质简报中已介绍,两坑的许多遗物都涂朱、涂黑、涂蓝并有意识地毁坏。有人根据坑内遗物被毁的现象,认为:"这些偶像和神树都是毁坏后埋藏的,这大概与‘厌胜’巫术有关。……有些原始部族认为不灵验的灵     

广汉三星堆遗址与祭祀坑出土器物

三星堆祭祀坑出土器物图一、一号坑出土的玉戈 图二、图四、A型玉戈 (盥Z:142附j)二号坑出土的玉撕(尼@:314阱4)图版一图三、二号坑出土的玉戈 (艘@:15乃图五=:,=三号坑出砉巴玉瑗 图六、一号坑出土的牙璋(脚:146附2)图七、二号坑出土的玉管穿图八、二号坑出土的边璋 (K2@:201附4)图九、二号坑出土的玉环 (脚:88附5)三星堆祭祀坑出土器物图一、一号坑出土的牙璋雉图二、图四、二号坑出土的A型牙璋 (K20:324)一号坑出土的鱼形牙璋(K1:146)图五、二号坑出土的B型牙璋 (J凹④:322附3)图七、,主羔坑出土三登 图八、二号坑出土的金树叶 (艘④…     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the