DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF 245 AUGUSTAN QUADRANTES

Previously 245 Augustan quadrantes were analysed for seven elements. Physical measurements comprised the weight, maximum thickness and diameter, minimum diameter, and die orientation for each coin. Both chemical and physical data were subjected to discriminant analysis, and centroids in multi-dimensional space were obtained for each of the four groups. A tetrahedron was drawn using the four centroids; each corner was separated from the other groups by a Mahalanobis distance. We hypothesize that the most probable relative chronology comprises the smallest sum of Mahalanobis distances connecting all four points. The most probable chronology for the quadrantes is c. 8, 9, 5, and 4 B.C.     

THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ORIENTAL CERAMIC BODY COMPOSITIONS: PART 1: WARES FROM NORTH CHINA*

This paper presents the body analyses of 70 sherds of ceramics made in north China during the Late Tang and Northern Song dynasties (c. AD 80–1200). The major types represented are Ding, Xing and Cizhou-type wares. The analyses were obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry, giving information on nine major and minor constituents. These have been used to differentiate chemically between the major kiln sites in the north, with the aid of multivariate computer analysis. This has demonstrated that there are differing chemical characteristics associated with these kilns, but the study is hampered by the lack of authentic material from controlled excavations of the kiln sites.     

DATA ON 61 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE MAJOR GLASS COMPOSITIONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES

Sets of 20 soda ash, 16 soda lime and 23 wood ash glasses mainly from excavations in Europe were analysed by microprobe and LA–ICP‐MS for 61 elements and are presented as average concentrations with standard deviations. Concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium allow the major glass type to be identified. Specific compositions of the raw materials of glass production indicate certain sources, technical processes and ages. Heavy minerals etc. of quartz sands contain rare earth elements (REE) from crustal fractionations that are different for the three major glass types. Accumulations of P, B, Ba, Mn and K in wood from soils by organic processes can characterize glass from certain regions.     

安徽九星十文铜圆

在对安徽九星十文铜圆作介绍之前,首先应说明的是,此币在命名上有所欠妥,所谓“九星”实为“十八星”之误。“十八星”是辛亥革命时期革命军军旗的图案,它是由当时的革命团体共进会在武昌起义前设计的。其十八个星象征着当时中原的十八个省,把十八个圆星联成一体,寓有十八省     

中国交通运输地理学近十年研究进展

目前中国交通运输地理学的研究集中在六个大的方面:交通运输与发展研究、港口地理研究、航空运输地理起步、物流地理、城市交通运输地理以及新技术、新方法的引进与创新。中国交通运输地理学在逐步与国际交通运输地理研究接轨,但研究的深度与广度仍有一定的差距,特别是乡村交通运输地理、港口服务业地理、城市交通运输地理与物流地理的研究尚有较多工作要开展。     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A BOG BODY ADIPOCERE

Chemical analyses were carried out on adipocere obtained from a bog body recovered from a peat bog at Meenybradden, County Donegal, Ireland. Chromatographic (thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography) and mass spectrometric analyses, combined with microanalytical chemical transformations, have yielded detailed compositional information. An absence of intact triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols indicates that hydrolysis is complete. Consequently the adipocere is composed mainly of fatty carboxylic acids. The high proportion of palmitic and stearic acids, together with depleted oleic acid content, indicates that extensive reduction and, possibly, β-oxidation have occurred during burial in the peat bog. Hydration of the double-bond in oleic acid has also occurred, as is shown by the formation of 10-hydroxystearic acid. The monoenoic fatty carboxylic acids that are present, composed mainly of C₁₈ and C₁₆ compounds, comprise a mixture of positional isomers. The results are compared and contrasted with those obtained from previous studies of the lipid composition of other adipoceres and cadavers of archaeological interest.     

CHEMICAL MAPPING OF BASALT FLOWS AT PALEOLITHIC SITES

In the northern Golan Heights, which is built up from volcanic ejections, paleolithic artifacts are found embedded between basalt flows, and in other stratified ejecta. The archaeological objective is to describe the styles of artifacts which belong to particular cultures, which means particular periods. This can be done if different rock stratigraphic units can be mapped in areas where the exposures of strata are not continuous. The present study made use of neutron activation analysis (NAA) to map flows by their chemical compositions. It was found that there is no difficulty in telling one rock unit from another. In addition, it was possible to show that some aspects of earlier geological mapping were deficient or faulty.     

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL DATA AND THE COMPARISON OF ANALYSES

Recent statistical work on approaches to analysing compositional data - where variables sum to a constant for each row of a data matrix - may encounter difficulties when applied to data of the kind typically arising in scientific archaeology. The reason is that results obtained may be unsatisfactory from a substantive viewpoint for identifiable technical reasons. This paper explores and illustrates some possible resolutions of the problem. A feature of the approach used is to analyse subsets of the variables on separate scales. A synthesis of the results obtained from separate analyses is essential and the use of multiple correspondence analysis for this purpose is illustrated.     

基于《Tourism Geographies》的近十年国外旅游地理研究进展

《Tourism Geographies》是国外旅游地理研究最具代表性的期刊之一,及时回顾国外旅游地理研究最新进展可为国内相关研究提供重要参考。本文首先采用CiteSpace知识图谱绘制软件统计分析了《Tourism Geographies》2008-2017年的449篇文献,从历年发文量与被引用情况、作者、研究机构、研究方法以及研究热点等方面阐述了国外旅游地理研究特征与研究趋势;其次,系统综述了旅游目的地、旅游者行为、旅游影响、生态旅游与可持续旅游、旅游市场营销等热点领域的研究进展,并在此基础上展望了国外旅游地理学未来的研究趋势;最后,依据国内外旅游地理研究差异,从研究方法、研究尺度以及研究范式等方面阐述了国外旅游地理研究对中国旅游地理学的启示。     

五代钱制治乱辨

提到五代十国的货币 ,多认为那是个币制混乱的时代 ,铅锡铁 ,币材芜杂 ,将虚作实 ,名目繁多……我们通过研究有关五代十国货币的历史 ,察看大量的钱币实物 ,并对实物和史料进行认真比较与思考 ,认为 :五代十国的货币 ,乱在十国 ,治在五代 ,过去对它们不加区别地一概而论 ,是不符合历史实际的。下面就从五代和十国之间钱币实物的比较 ,五代诸国坚持推行良币的政策这两个方面加以说明。唐朝的开元通宝钱 ,在我国历史上是发行很成功的货币。开元钱大小适中 ,制作精整 ,币值充足 ,人民乐用。五代和十国直接继唐而来 ,唐朝行钱的经验对它们都不…     

NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN PAINTINGS AND ENAMELS

X-ray fluorescence analysis is a non-destructive method, very useful for qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical elements in paintings, frescoes, enamels, etc. Measurements have been carried out on ancient Persian mural painting allowing the identification of about ten different pigments. Furthermore, many oil paintings have been examined. For example, about thirty regions of different colour tonalities concerning the ‘Deposizione’by Raffaello Sanzio have been analysed; in this way it has been possible to determine the composition of several pigments used by the author and to identify some restored regions. The enamels of a ligneous Egyptian panel have also been studied; the results are in good agreement with those obtained using conventional methods.