中国思想史研究中的概念省思

王权、君权和皇权在中华专制主义的语境中只具有一种形态差异,而没有实质差异.中国历史一文化和政治-思想虽非理性类型,但这并不妨碍依然可以使用"理性"这一概念来对中国历史-文化和政治-思想进行描述和分析.问题是,运用"理性"概念来作出的这种描述和分析本身则必须包含有前在的概念省思,以便使我们对其内涵和界限能有一个确切的思想把握.     

The relationship between enamelling on ceramics and on glass in the Islamic world

In a recent paper, Mason et al. (2001) demonstrated that enamels on mina’i ware, a Persian ceramic of the 12th century, were applied using a special firing of short duration. A similar principle was exploited to enamel glass, beginning in Syria in about the same period. This gives new credence to the long‐standing idea that the origin of enamelling on glass resulted in part from an interaction between glass workers and potters.     

Writing the world: disciplinary history and beyond

In order to grasp some of the key intellectual developments and trends that shaped the global politics of twentieth century and continue to shape our own world—neo-classical economics, modernization theory, deterrence theory, the democratic peace, among others—it is necessary to explore the history of the human sciences. It is important, in other words, to examine the role of the modern research university in producing and diffusing ideas about the self, society, the economy and world order. International Relations (IR), and political science more generally, played a significant role in this story. In recent years we have seen a growth of interest in the history of IR, though it is still an underdeveloped area of research. Among other things, scholars have shown that many of the foundational myths of the discipline—the views that inform textbook understandings of the past and present—are deeply flawed. This article first surveys this recent work, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, and then proceeds to offer some thoughts on future directions for research. It identifies a range of questions and topics that have yet to be adequately addressed, and draws on the latest methodological work in intellectual history, highlighting some new interpretative approaches that can enrich scholarship in this area.     

The eleventh of September and the Sudanese mahdiya in the context of Ibn Khaldun's theory of Islamic history

The attacks on New York and Washington on 11 September appeared as something entirely new in the escalating terrorist 'War on America' declared by Osama bin Laden and his Al-Qa'ida network in 1998. While there are undoubtedly novel elements in the atrocity which cost nearly 3,000 innocent, non-combatant lives, the strategic motivation of the attack, aimed at the protectors of the ruling Saudi dynasty, was not inconsistent with earlier patterns of Islamic revolt against Muslim governments and their European backers, notably the Sudanese mahdiya of 1881–99. Though spearheaded by technically sophisticated Islamist ideologues, the overwhelming presence among the hijackers of Saudis from the Asir region, with its Yemeni tribal links, is indicative of a pre-modern pattern of rebellion that fits in with the paradigm of cyclical revolt and dynastic renewal discerned by the Islamic philosopher of history Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406).     

Dreams at the edge of the world and other evocations of o'odham history

Las personas O'odham, los Tohono O'odham y los Alkimel O'odham tienen una larga historia en los desiertos solitarios del suroeste de América del Norte. Este trabajo es un esfuerzo etnográfico en conjunto que incluye a las personas mayores de los O'odham y los consejeros culturales. Presenta un estudio sobre los motivos por los cuales los lugares ancestrales y antiguos son una parte fundamental de la experiencia O'odham en la actualidad. Al concentrar el estudio en el valle de San Pedro, un área tradicional, que no está bajo el control de los descendientes de los O'odham, podríamos comenzar a entender la compleja relación que une a los indígenas norteamericanos con el entorno que sus antepasados crearon. Las denuncias de la herencia indígena y la necesidad creciente de hacer un balance sobre los valores de los múltiples interesados en el manejo de los recursos culturales son aspectos que toman una importancia inmediata. Yo argumento que los estudiosos necesitan entender mejor los sitions qrqueológicos y sus objetos no sólo por lo que estos puedan cecir sobre el pasado sino también sobre el mundo actual. (O'odham, etnohistoria, herencia, terreno arqueológico, valle de San Pedro).

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Résumé Les peuples O'odhams, Tohono O'odham et Akimel O'odham, ont une longue histoire dans l'austère désert du grand sud-ouest nord américain. issue de la collaboration d'un projet ethnohistorique avec les a?nés O'odham et les conseillers culturels, ce travail présente une étude sur les fa?ons selon lesquelles les endroits anciens et ancestraux font partie intégrante de l'expérience actuelle des O'odham. En se concentrant sur la vallée de San Pedro, une région traditionnelle qui n'est plus sous le contr?le des descendants des O'odham, nous pouvons commencer à révéler la complexité des relations qui lient les autochtones américains aux paysages matériels que leurs ancêtres ont créés. Dans le contexte des revendications du patrimoine autochtone et la demande croissante d'ajuster la valeur des enjeux multiples dans la gestion des ressources culturelles, ces questions prennent de l'importance et de l'urgence additionnelles. Je soutiens que les universitaires ont besoin de mieux comprendre les sites archéologiques et les objets, non seulement pour ce qu'ils nous apprennent sur le passé, mais aussi sur ce que ces endroits et ces objets nous apprennent sur notre monde d'aujourd'hui. (mots clés: O'odham, ethnohistoire, patrimoine, archéologie du paysage, la vallée de San Pedro).

     

The very personal history of Nithard: family and honour in the Carolingian world

Nithard's Histories of the civil wars fought between Louis the Pious's sons reveal much about mid‐ninth‐century nobility, political values, and the author's changing social position. This article considers how Nithard's immediate familial history affected the text's composition. We argue that his incorporation of authorial voice and detail, crafting of the royal lineage, and emphasis on fraternitas suggest that Nithard employed the text to fight for legitimacy and honour, both familial and individual. We propose that the Histories should be read as a social commemoration of Nithard's familial memories, thus complicating the assumption that family histories were the purview of women.     

Louis Muskens: a leading figure in the history of Dutch and world epileptology

In the history of Dutch neurology Muskens has a place in his own right. Elderly neurologists still attest to the special fame of Muskens. He held a strong opinion on developing the specialty of neurology independent of psychiatry. At the same time he maintained that surgery of the nervous system also should be included in the realm of neurology. These views met with considerable opposition from colleagues and led to Muskens' isolation. To the field of epileptology he contributed both clinical and experimental neurological studies. With Donath he was the co-founder of the International League Against Epilepsy in 1909. In addition he held a lifelong interest in the pathophysiology of forced movements, which he studied both in human pathology and in experimental studies throughout the vertebrate series. This resulted in his magnum opus on the supravestibular system in 1935. His scientific work was well received in scientific societies all over Europe.     

试论当前细石器研究中的几个概念问题

本文对细石器、细石器技术和细石器传统等概念问题进行了梳理、分析。作者赞成细石器是由特殊的工艺技术制成的石制品的观点,并将其范围限定在与此种技术相关的石制品之内。细石器技术的本质是一种石片剥离技术,而非是石器的制作技术。细石器传统所指的应是某种细石器技术的延续。     

Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion

Environmental history is a multidisciplinary enterprise united by shared interests in ecological change and the complex interactions between people and the environment. Its practitioners include expertise in the natural sciences, in history or archaeology, or in political ecology and related social sciences; but there is no agreement on a common agenda and limited success in bridging methodological and epistemological divisions that impede integrative and interdisciplinary research. World-systems history and environmental history also have overlapping interests in long-term change and matters of sustainability. The Mediterranean world sustained agricultural lifeways across some 8000 years, yet its environment has repeatedly been described as degraded, suggesting conceptual confusion between transformation and destruction. This paper is didactic in purpose and uses landscape histories for the Peloponnese and eastern Spain to show that the impact of recurrent, excessive precipitation events and of reduced quality of land cover are difficult to unravel, because they commonly appear to work in tandem. As a result (a) environmental change cannot be assumed or “predicted”, but must be studied inductively by experts with science skills, and (b) cause-and-effect relationships demand an understanding of ecological behavior, for which humanistic insights are indispensable. Social science models highlight systemic relationships from socioeconomic and structural perspectives, but are less suited to deal with the complexity of environmental change or the contingencies exemplified by human resilience. Near Eastern, Greek and Roman agronomic writings offer elite “voices” that speak to cumulative technological change, scientific understanding, and the context of intensification. Rural voices can be heard through ethnography, and in eastern Spain are extended into the past by archaeology and archival research. In the absence of structural constraints, they reveal collective decision-making with respect to a shifting repertoire of agricultural strategies that take into account market opportunities, demographic growth, finite resources and environmental problems. Such adaptability spells resilience, and “good farming” is culturally embedded as a civic responsibility, both in the ethnographic present and in the older, elite agronomic writings. But if the “moral economy” erodes in the wake of food stress, tax extortion, instability, insecurity, or ideological oppression, there is little incentive to pursue long-term strategies, so that behavior focuses on short-term survival. The context for this dialectic of poor versus good ecological management may be structural, but cause-and-effect in the traditional Mediterranean world ultimately depended on ecological and human resilience. Long-term sustainability is similarly non-predictive. It depends on people, rather than social theory.     

Russia and the Islamic World

This article offers a historical retrospective of the interactions between Russia and the Islamic world in all their diversity, beginning from the first trade contacts of Medieval Rus with the Arabs and Persians of the Abbasid era, as well as with the Turkic-speaking residents of Volga Bulgaria. The author concludes that except for the initial sporadic period, the connections between Russian and Muslim worlds have been stable and close throughout all the following periods. Moreover, with time, these two civilizational communities turned into communicating vessels because of the growing number of Muslims within the Russian State and in Russian society. Special attention is paid to Russian-Turkish relations across several centuries. A complete comprehension of the relations between Russia and the Islamic world through an example of the historical retrospective of Russian interactions with the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey helps to provide a full appreciation of the importance of joint efforts to secure a bridge connecting East and West and the oriental civilizations with Russia.     

Lessons in the rubble: The world trade center and the history of disaster investigations in the United States

The World Trade Center collapse stands as a singular event in American history. As such, it might also stand to reason that the technical investigation into the circumstances of the collapse also stands alone. Clashes over authority among powerful institutions both public and private, competition among rival experts for influence, inquiry into a disaster elevated to the status of a memorial for the dead: these are the base elements of the World Trade Center investigation. These elements, however, are not unique. This article illustrates--drawing on case studies including the burning of the United States Capitol Building (1814), the Hague Street boiler explosion and building collapse in New York (1850), and the Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago (1903)--that conflicts over authority, expertise, memory, and ultimately the attribution of responsibility suffuse the history of disaster in the United States. The "disaster investigation," far from proving itself the dispassionate, scientific verdict on causality and blame, actually emerges as a hard-fought contest to define the moment in politics and society, in technology and culture.