古郾子国考辨

古郾子国考辨张汝鲤《辞海》上说：“郾,古国名”,亦写作“”或“偃”。“郾城,县名。汉置郾县,隋改郾城县”。历代相传,郾城县是由古郾子国演变而来。明人张自烈撰著的《正字通》说：“郾城,汉颍川县,古郾子国故地,今为开封府许州郾城县”。清顺治十六年和乾隆...     

论段玉裁对"叶音说"的批判

叶音说是科学的古音学产生之前人们对上古音的一种认识,其中虽然也有一定的合理内容,但非科学的成分是其主要方面.以陈第、顾炎武为代表的对叶音说进行了大张旗鼓的批判,但真正使叶音说彻底失去藏身之所的是清代学者段玉裁.段玉裁的明确的古音史观、科学的合韵说和对上古声调的独到见解,对叶音说的批判起到了至关重要的作用.     

《华英字典·五车韵府》与明清字韵书关系考述

马礼逊的《华英字典》于1815-1823年在中国澳门出版,其第二部分名为《五车韵府》,颇受赞誉。关于《五车韵府》的材料来源,说法不一,马礼逊在序言中提及陈氏之韵书《五车韵府》,同名的两部书似有不可忽视的关联,有探讨之必要。经考察,可知“陈荩谟《五车韵府》为蓝本”之说不正确。《华英字典·五车韵府》所参考的中文文献来源较广,与多部明清字韵书有关,其中包括《字汇》《正字通》《康熙字典》《同文千字文》《艺文备览》《分韵撮要》等。     

《康熙字典》疏误补正辑要

《康熙字典》是清朝政府召集淹贯群书的学者,在明代《字汇》、《正字通》两书的基础上编纂而成。它收字相当丰富,共有四万七千零三十五个;它差不多把每一个字的不同音切和不同意义都列举进去,详备利检;它又差不多在每字每义下,都举了例子,这些例子又几乎全都是引用了“始见”的古书。《康熙字典》因有这三大优点,所以久传不衰。为便利查阅,哈尔滨出版社策划出版《新版康熙字典》,约集北京、哈尔滨两市数十位学者,依现代辞书体例,对《康熙字典）｝加以译注,并补正其疏误而列“今按”。我应约承担申集中、申集下和辰集中的译注。…     

“北人尚炕”习俗的由来

明人张自烈《正字通》释“炕”云:“北地暖床曰炕。”在我国,北方人睡炕,南方人睡床,世人皆谓之古俗.但经考究。北方人睡炕的历史,并非十分久远。上古之时,人们或“构木为巢”,“暮栖木上”(《庄子·盗跖》),或“因丘陵掘穴而处”(《墨子·节用》),连房屋都没有,更谈不上有炕了。只有大树下、洞穴旁一堆堆昼夜不熄的篝火,帮人们烤熟食物、驱走寒冷和吓跑猛兽。到了新石器时代后期,也就是传说中的尧、舜时代,由于巢、穴之居,“冬日则不胜霜雪雾露,夏日则不胜暑热蚊患。圣人乃作,为之筑土构木以为宫室,上栋下宇,以蔽风雨,以避寒暑,而百姓安之”(《淮南子·     

试论《庄子》用韵研究史中的几个问题

系统考察宋元以来重要的上古音韵学论著之后,发现明代杨慎《庄子叶音》才是最早大量指出《庄子》用韵现象的著作。清代学者对《庄子》韵语材料作了系统的研究,他们或引《庄子》韵语材料以证古音,进而探求古韵分部;或在古代音韵学著作的指导下,校勘原文或评点《庄子》韵语。对此,近现代学者多是片断化的论述,没有客观分析《庄子》用韵研究的发展过程及这类著作的价值。其中以江有诰《庄子韵读》最为代表,该书的体例特点、韵语材料的可信程度及疏失之处均须重新评判。     

唐代正字学考

正字学的背景“正字”与“字样”这两个名称,在唐时很普遍,而且常用于书名,如《颜氏字样》、《经典分毫正字》等,这些书在当时是很流行的。在我国文字学史上,正字学是很重要的一方面。对正字学也有称“正字法”或“字     

张自烈与《芑山文集》的流传

张自烈系江西籍的一位明末清初著名的文学家、学者,其著述之丰,世所罕见。由于清代焚书坑儒式的文化禁锢,其原著大多流行不广,传世甚少。其生平履迹在《清史列传》、道光《宜春·县志》等史料上仅有简略的记载。     

《干禄字书》的异体字及其相关问题

《干禄字书》是一部正字学作,其基本内容有两个方面,一是辨正异体字,二是辨析易混字,而以辨正异体字为主。本以《干禄字书》收录的异体字为考察对象,分析了异体字之类型,重点讨论了异体字中的并正字,还说明了《干禄字书》对同类型异体字所作的不同处理。论旨在探究《干禄字书》作颜元孙独特的正字思想,为当今异体字整理提供借鉴。     

体大思精的鸿篇巨制——浅评《山西大典》

在新世纪开端的年代,素以地上物居全国首位的山西,推出了一部具有学术含量的献典籍——《山西大典》(以下简称《大典》),是值得祝贺的一件大事。《大典》在内容上可称体大思精。在形制上亦属鸿篇巨制,与全国同类性质述相衡量,置之于献述之首位,亦无愧色。山西既拥物、献二宝,非止足以自豪,尤当承其激励,奋发猛进,以无负于二宝。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.