The widespread occurrence of Celtic field systems in the central part of the Netherlands

The detailed elevation model based on airborne laser altimetry (AHN) proved to be a reliable tool to detect well-developed Celtic field systems, characteristic arable plots of the Iron Age. They were detected in the central part of the Netherlands, where only a limited number of Celtic field systems have been recognized in the past. Most of these previously detected systems were identified in the northern part of the Netherlands or in the southern part, but not in this zone. About 1200 ha of well-developed systems could be identified by AHN in the central part of the Netherlands, of which only 136 ha were registered as an archaeological monument. Another 335 ha of archaeologically identified Celtic field systems were not accepted or recognized by AHN, because they were morphologically less well-developed. Most of the around 1050 ha new discoveries occur in rough vegetations and forested areas, and can hardly be identified with previously used geodetic methods and aerial photography. Less well-developed or preserved systems were even more extensive and remnants were traced as fossil arable layers below plaggen soils or on lower slopes incorporated in mediaeval reclamations. The newly identified Celtic field systems, therefore, can be considered as remnants of much larger areas once covered with these arable plots. In the central part of the Netherlands, the estimated area once covered was at least around 4500 ha, more than enough to supply 10,000 people with cereals. Well-developed Celtic field systems started to develop in the late Iron Age with formation intensifying during the early Roman Period. The central part of the Netherlands is situated just north of the river Rhine, the former boundary of the Roman Empire, the Limes. The newly discovered extent of Celtic field systems will have influenced the interaction between different cultures on the border of the Roman Empire in the early Roman Period, about which very little is known. This perspective underscores the need for an integrated conservation policy and in-depth research through excavations in the near future.     

Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts for the reattachment of lime plasters on earthen walls

Abstract

A laboratory and field testing programme for the formulation and evaluation of hydraulic grouts was developed for the reattachment of lime plasters on earthen (adobe) walls. Formulations utilizing kaolin, hydraulic lime, ceramic microspheres, and fine silica sand, with and without the addition of an acrylic emulsion, were prepared and evaluated in a three-stage testing programme. Standard tests were employed to measure injectability, viscosity, set time, shrinkage, weight, splitting/tensile strength, water vapour transmission rate, and adhesive bond strength. Grout microstructure was comparatively examined using scanning electron microscopy. Of the 18 grout formulations tested, only one mixture composed of (parts by weight) 1 part microspheres, 1 part sand, 2 parts hydraulic lime, 10% part acrylic emulsion was found to meet all the essential performance criteria established.     

Anglo‐Saxon Style Pottery from the Northern Netherlands and North‐Western Germany: Fabrics and Finish,Regional and Chronological Patterns,and their Implications

This paper presents the results of a study of Anglo‐Saxon style pottery in the northern Netherlands and north‐western Germany, involving macroscopic and microscopic analysis of fabrics and finish. Both regions show similar developments in form and decoration in the pottery of the fourth and fifth centuries ad , the late Roman and Migration period, resulting in the typical decoration and shapes that are known as the Anglo‐Saxon style. In the northern Netherlands, this style is traditionally associated with Anglo‐Saxon immigrants. It has, however, been suggested that this style was, rather, part of an indigenous development in areas in the northern Netherlands where occupation was continuous, though influenced by stylistic developments in north‐western Germany. That hypothesis is supported by the analysis of fabrics and finish presented here. The characteristic of fabrics and surface treatment indicate technological continuity. The use of local clay sources for Anglo‐Saxon style pottery and for contemporary regional types indicates that most of the Anglo‐Saxon style pottery in the northern Netherlands was not brought by Anglo‐Saxon immigrants or as imports, but must have been made locally. That applies to settlements with continuous habitation, as well as settlements in the coastal area that were not inhabited during the fourth century ad .     

Regional Design in the Context of Fragmented Territorial Governance: South Wing Studio

In the Netherlands, the formation of governance arrangements around planning issues that cross administrative boundaries has been assisted frequently by a design approach that is often referred to as “regional design”. This is a distinctive method of policy argumentation that makes use of spatial representations of the plausible future of regions. Such representations are intended not only to indicate physical changes, but also to stimulate debate on sharing responsibilities and resources for planning tasks among planning actors. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the performance of regional design in the context of fragmented regional governance through a case study in the southern part of the Randstad in the Netherlands. We argue that regional design has contributed to institutional capacity in a complex polycentric and, looking at the governance structure, pluricentric region like the Randstad South Wing, largely by allowing for multiple interpretations.     

Cruise Passenger Terminals,Spatial Planning and Regeneration: The Cases of Amsterdam and Rotterdam

Recent growth in the cruise tourism industry has been accompanied by the development of new cruise passenger terminals in many port cities, in part to assist aims for spatial planning and urban regeneration. Such terminals can bring specific benefits but also problems, though application of spatial planning and related policy can help to maximize benefits and ameliorate or mitigate problems. The cases of cruise terminal developments in Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands are illustrative in this context, and offer lessons for spatial planning and regeneration involving cruise tourism elsewhere.     

Are cities ever more cosmopolitan? Studying trends in urban-rural divergence of cultural attitudes

Many scholars and pundits have argued that there is a growing urban-rural divide in political attitudes in the US and Europe. However, it is an empirical question whether and how differences in political attitudes between urban and rural areas have changed over time. In this study, we investigate the urban-rural divergence in cosmopolitan-nationalist attitudes in the Netherlands over the last four decades. We focus on attitudes towards issues of immigration, multiculturalism and European integration. We use individual-level survey data from the Dutch Parliamentary Election Study (1994–2017) and the Cultural Changes Study (1979–2016). We find consistent support for divergence on cosmopolitan-nationalist issues between inhabitants of more- and less-urbanised municipalities over the last decades in the Netherlands, also when controlling for sociodemographic composition. This divergence is mostly due to the fact that the attitudes of people in the larger cities differ increasingly from people living in other parts of the country. Trends in smaller towns and villages are very similar to those in the most rural areas.     

延续与变化:荷兰中文教育追踪调研数据比较分析

论文通过对1998年和2019年基于同一问卷但相隔21年两次调研所得数据之比较,结合荷兰国家统计局正式公布的相关统计数据,在荷兰华人社会发展变化的宏观背景下,剖析荷兰中文学校生源构成及学生们学习中文之动因的延续与变化,总结荷兰所代表的中国大陆新移民相对集中之欧洲国家发展中文教育的原生动力和内在规律,思考如何进一步使面向华裔青少年的中文教育能够获得更全面发展,取得更深远实效。     

Optical dating of a Fimic Anthrosol in the southern Netherlands

Plaggen agriculture was the dominant land use system in the Pleistocene cover sand area of Northwest Europe before the introduction of chemical fertilisers. In today's landscape Fimic horizons and driftsand deposits are characteristic survivors of plaggen agriculture. The age and accumulation rate of these phenomena cannot be satisfactorily determined by conventional methods like pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating. The results of optical dating applied to a Fimic horizon of a plaggen soil near Weert (Netherlands) are compared with those from conventional methods.     

Conservative Philanthropists,Royalty and Business Elites in Nature Conservation in Southern Africa

Abstract: The article investigates the increasingly important connections between the private sector and nature conservation agencies. It looks specifically at the connections between two important philanthropists, the late Anton Rupert, a South African business tycoon, and the late Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. Both have been highly successful in raising funds for nature conservation, and marketing the idea of transfrontier conservation. This paper explores the networks they formed and were part of to try and explain how they were able to do so. It also attempts to analyse how their donations and fund raising have shaped thinking about nature conservation in (southern) Africa.     

REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS: MICRO EVIDENCE ON AGGLOMERATION EXTERNALITIES

Based on micro data on individual workers for the period 2000–2005, we show that wage differentials in the Netherlands are small but present. A large part of these differentials can be attributed to individual characteristics. Remaining effects are partially explained by variations in employment density, with an elasticity of about 4.8 percent, and by Marshall‐Arrow‐Romer externalities, where doubling the local share of a (two‐digit) industry results in a 2.9 percent higher productivity. We also find evidence for small negative effects of competition (Porter externalities) and diversity (Jacobs externalities).     

ANALYSIS OF BONE FROM THE BRONZE AGE SITE BOVENKARSPEL-HET VALKJE,THE NETHERLANDS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Bones from a Bronze Age settlement in a low-lying area in The Netherlands were analysed for their content of strontium and certain other elements. Low strontium concentrations in the human bones indicate that part of the diet consisted of animal products. Milk and dairy products were probably also incorporated in the diet. This would have had a marked effect on the Sr/Ca ratio of the total diet and on the strontium content of human bones. Anomalous mean strontium concentrations for the animal species are tentatively explained in relation to the specific environment of the settlement. Different pasturing practices for cattle and sheep/goat respectively are possibly reflected by the strontium content of their bones.     

The escape from famine in the Northern Netherlands: a reconsideration using the 1690s harvest failures and a broader Northwest European perspective

A long historiography has concluded that the Northern Netherlands was famine free by the seventeenth century. However, this view has been established on limited grain price data and an unclear chronology, lacking a broader comparative perspective, and relying heavily on the explanation that Amsterdam was the centre point of the international grain trade. Using newly compiled burials data for the Northern and Southern Netherlands and Northern France, and integrating these with rye prices, we confirm empirically that price spikes had reduced mortality effects in the Northern Netherlands compared to the Southern Netherlands and Northern France, though the escape was greater in the cities than the countryside. The only time in the period 1551–1699 that a strong and generalized association between price spikes and mortality occurred across wide areas of the Northern Netherlands was in the famine of 1556/7. However, the international grain trade cannot explain everything. Markets in the Northern Netherlands were no more effective at smoothing out food crises than in the Southern Netherlands or Northern France. We offer alternative explanations: the reduced role of famine-related diseases spread by warfare, and the interaction (especially in the cities) between wages and poor relief.     

Willingness to Pay for Multifunctional Megaprojects: A Stated Preference Analysis Among Firms in the Amsterdam Zuidas Area

Urban (re-)development projects may generate various positive and negative spatial externalities to employers. The assessment of such benefits is fraught with many methodological and empirical problems. This study aims to assess the order of magnitude of expected net benefits for incumbent employers that may accrue from a large-scale development project in the Zuidas area in the South-Western part of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. This development project is planned to transform the area into a large multifunctional urban agglomeration. We employ a specific stated preference method (namely, a willingness-to-pay method) to gauge the project's net socio-economic benefits for the current firms in the area concerned, paying special attention to the benefits associated with multifunctionality.     

The future of molecular medicine

Abstract

Humanities computing is an ‘interdiscipline’ concerned with the application of computing to the arts and letters. Although it has been practised since the late 1940s, it has only recently begun to gain institutional recognition and a measure of self-awareness. In this contribution to the vigorous debate among practitioners, I argue for a common methodological ground shared by computer using scholars and students across the disciplines of the humanities. In large part because of the commons, these individuals tend to come together physically in laboratory settings as well as virtually online, pursuing traditional research goals by the means they now share, or collaborating on numerous larger projects that computing has enabled. A useful model of their collaboration is Peter Galison's ‘trading zone’, an anthropological–linguistic metaphor he uses to describe interchange among researchers and technicians of the Manhattan Project. Humanities computing functions like a merchant trader in a Galisonian trading zone: it sees to a similar interchange of tools and techniques among the departmentalised cultures with which it deals, and for itself studies the effects and consequences. It thus exemplifies a true interdisciplinarity. Sufficient work has now been done for us to begin to map out a research agenda for humanitites computing as an interdiscipline, and this will help to identify the essential habits of mind and skills our colleagues and students must have to refurbish the humanities in the twenty-first century. Computing presents the humanities with the need and opportunity to reconceptualise and rebuild our inherited scholarly forms, which are as historically contingent as any human artefact. Rethinking how we do what we do in turn requires what Clifford Geertz has called ‘intellectual weed control’. A central project of humanities computing is to help in the construction of a worldwide digital library of resources and tools. Its role within this project is, I argue, primarily to articulate the powers of imagination that computing in the humanities demands of us.     

NONLINEAR SHAKE TABLE IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL FOR NEAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKE TESTING

The primary focus of a structural shake table system is the accurate reproduction of acceleration records for testing. However, many systems deliver variable and less than optimal performance, particularly when reproducing large near-field seismic events that require extreme table performance. Improved identification and control methods are developed for large hydraulic servo-actuated shake table systems that can exhibit unacceptable tracking response for large, near-field seismic testing. The research is presented in the context of a 5-tonne shake table facility at the University of Canterbury that is of typical design. The system is identified using a frequency response approach that accounts for the actual magnitudes and frequencies of motion encountered in seismic testing. The models and methods developed are experimentally verified and the impact of different feedback variables such as acceleration, velocity and displacement are examined.

The methods show that shake table control in testing large near-field seismic events is often a trade off between accurate tracking and nonlinear velocity saturation of the hydraulic valves that can result in severe acceleration spikes. Control methods are developed to improve performance and include both acceleration and displacement feedback to reduce the acceleration spikes, and record modification, where the reference signal is modified to conform to the shake table's operational parameters. Results show record modification gives exact tracking for near-field ground motions, and optimal system response for reference signals with velocity components greater then the system capabilities. Overall, the research presents a methodology for simple effective identification, modelling, diagnosis and control of structural shake table systems that can be readily generalised and applied to any similar facility.     

南水北调工程文物保护规划的编制与实施及其主要收获

南水北调工程是我国继长江三峡水利枢纽工程之后,又一项大型水利工程.它是一项合理配置大江大河水资源,缓解北方地区水资源严重短缺的惠民工程,是一项宏伟的战略性工程.南水北调工程中的文物保护工作是工程的重要组成部分,2002年初文物保护工作开始启动.经历了勘察规划阶段和实施阶段取得了重要收获.     

A Predictive Map of Compression- Sensitivity of the Dutch Archaeological Soil Archive

Abstract

Weak soils like unconsolidated clay and peat may deform and compress considerably by loading, for example, by sand bodies for roads and railways. Archaeological sites within such easily compressible soil layers may therefore be heavily affected by different kinds of construction works. The vulnerability of archaeological sites to compression is largely dependent on soil properties like lithology, grain-size, and previous loading history. This may therefore differ considerably. Predicting the compression sensitivity is of great value for planners, since they can estimate in which areas in situ protection of archaeological sites may be feasible and where it would require (costly) technical measures or plan adaptations.

As part of the Cultural Heritage Agency’s research programme on construction and archaeology, we prepared predictive maps of the compression sensitivity of the subsurface sediments in the Netherlands for 1 m depth intervals from 0 to 20 m depth.

The maps were constructed using a full 3-D model of the subsurface of the Netherlands.

In combination with the Indicative Map of Archaeological Values (IKAW) that is already available, these maps can be used to better estimate the technical measures needed and costs involved for in situ protection of archaeological sites in the planning phase of construction projects.     

系统科学在区域发展研究中的应用

区域是一个开放的复杂巨系统,系统科学的方法论对区域发展研究产生了重要的影响。本文对区域发展研究中采用的系统科学方法进行了回顾和总结,重点探讨了钱学森先生20世纪90年代首次提出的"综合集成研讨厅"体系在当代区域发展研究中的应用,并对其组织结构及实施原则进行了讨论。