Rothschild,Norman H.Emperor Wu Zhao and Her Pantheon of Devis,Divinities and Dynastic Mothers

Wu Zhao 武曌 (624-705;r.690-705),better known as Wu Zetian 武則天,or Empress Wuv 武后,was the first and only female emperor in Chinese history.Her history and legends have attracted considerable scholarship that explores her life from various perspectives.     

The Norman invasion of Gwent: a reassessment

Shortly after the Norman conquest of England, William fitz Osbern was created earl of Hereford. Most historians suggest he overran all Gwent east of the Usk before his return to the continent in 1071. This article will argue that his occupation of Gwent was more limited and was possibly confined to the territories claimed by Harold Godwinson, once earl of Hereford, before his death at Hastings. Instead, the accession of William Rufus in 1087 is seen as the context for a new aggressive policy towards South Wales. In the next fifteen years, Gwent and its neighbouring kingdoms of Morgannwg and Bucheiniog were overrun by William's marcher lords.     

The Norman invasion of Gwent: a reassessment

Shortly after the Norman conquest of England, William fitz Osbern was created earl of Hereford. Most historians suggest he overran all Gwent east of the Usk before his return to the continent in 1071. This article will argue that his occupation of Gwent was more limited and was possibly confined to the territories claimed by Harold Godwinson, once earl of Hereford, before his death at Hastings. Instead, the accession of William Rufus in 1087 is seen as the context for a new aggressive policy towards South Wales. In the next fifteen years, Gwent and its neighbouring kingdoms of Morgannwg and Bucheiniog were overrun by William's marcher lords.     

Desert Victory: The War for Kuwait: Norman Friedman

Book reviewed in this article: The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice, 2nd ed: Geoff Simons     

Norman Tombstone at Coningsborough

The Vicars' Hall at Windsor Castle has had a varied history. Recent excavation in the undercroft and recording of the standing fabric has now enabled its story to be firmly established. The curtain wall in this area of the lower ward, and an adjacent building discovered in the excavations, were probably built in the reign of Henry III between 1227 and 1230. The Vicars' Hall with its undercroft was built c. 1415–16 in the reign of Henry V and survives to this day, but was shortened when the Horseshoe Cloister was built between 1478–82. Around 1693 the hall was converted into a library and the undercroft divided up for housing.     

Dennis Norman Jeans: Historical Geographer and Landscape Interpreter Extraordinaire

This paper relates to the ideas and work of Dennis Jeans, widely known for his research into historical geography and historical conservation, as well as for publications in cultural landscapes and humanist geography. The material presented here is principally drawn from an interview with the author (in Tasmania) on 10 November 1998. Dr Jeans also provided some subsequent material. The author has known Jeans for over 32 years, her reflections stemming from having studied and worked with him, as well as from having maintained a long personal correspondence, especially over the last 14 years.     

南意大利的诺曼征服

诺曼人对南意大利的征服,直至建立西西里王国,是11、12世纪地中海世界纷繁历史的一个侧面。诺曼人倚恃其出色的军事和外交才能,适时地利用了当时意大利半岛上罗马教廷、拜占廷帝国、德意志皇帝、阿拉伯贵族以及本地王公豪强诸种势力错综交织的复杂格局,频频出击,步步为营,形成为一种引入瞩目的政治存在,并对中世纪欧洲历史文化产生相当的影响。