欧美《史记》《汉书》史表研究刍议——兼论中西古代史表书写的异同

《史记》《汉书》史表研究是欧美中国史学研究的重要课题,对于国内学界加深了解欧美中国史学研究发展历程、辨析中西史学交流互鉴具有典型意义。自19世纪末发轫以来,欧美《史记》《汉书》史表研究呈现出深度不断拓展、领域逐渐丰富的发展趋势,表现出充分重视中国传统考据成果、讨论范围相对全面、部分借鉴西方史学研究思路等特点。部分欧美学者通过《史记》《汉书》史表反思西方史学对非叙事性历史书写的偏见,促成了中西史学的深度互鉴。但是,欧美学者并未深入分析中西古代史表书写的异同。通过比较以优西比乌《编年史》为代表的西方史表书写与《史记》《汉书》史表可以发现,中西古代史学在探索通史写法的实践中,不仅有经验认识的相似性,也有历史观念的差异性。西方中世纪史表书写因秉持基督教神意史观,未发展出类似《史记》《汉书》史表般追求理解历史的丰富类型。     

中西比较语境下的中国古代历史思维整体性析论

历史思维的整体性是一个历史认识论问题,涉及中西史学比较的主体与客体、语言与实在的关系。在中国,《周易》奠定了历史思维整体性的哲学基础,《史记》则是表现历史思维整体性的代表性史学文本。在《史记》中,历史思维的整体性表现在三个方面：从古代到现代的长时段时间观念;历史叙事的最大空间跨度;涵盖多方面内容的纪传体历史书写体裁。历史思维的整体性是中西史学比较中的一个跨文化话语。在西方,波利比乌斯《通史》是体现西方历史思维整体性的典型文本。《史记》与《通史》孕育于东西方具有帝国性质的历史空间中,就两者体现的历史思维整体性的际遇而言,《史记》与《通史》在中国与西方史学史上具有不同的延展曲线。     

二十世纪初年中国的新史学思潮初考

二十世纪初,辛亥革命前十年间的中国史学,既是十九世纪末戊戍变法时期史学的继续和发展,又是辛亥革命以后一个时期的新史学运动的先导和前奏,在中国近代史学史上占有重要的地位。对于这个时期的史学,以往的史学史研究,一般论述较多的是几位著名学者的几种著名的作品,如章太炎的《中国通史略例》、梁启超的《中国史叙论》和《新史学》、夏曾佑的《中国历史教科书》,还有刘师培的《中国历史教科书》,等等,都在不同的方面给我们增进了科学的认识。但在这里也给我们提出了这样的问题:既然二十世纪初的中国思     

《后汉纪》与魏晋玄学

魏晋南北朝是中国古代史学大发展时期,大量史著涌现,袁宏的《后汉纪》在诸家后汉史中占有突出地位。魏晋玄学的兴盛对这一时期的史学发展产生了巨大的推动作用,不仅体现在史学思想方面,也对史书的体例和内容产生了深远影响。在《后汉纪》这部史学著作中,玄学思想在其撰述旨趣、内容、体例以及对历史过程和历史人物的评价方式上都有所体现,从中可以看出魏晋南北朝史学发展的玄学化倾向十分明显,进而可知社会文化背景的差异会深刻影响着该时期史学发展的方向。     

历史书写及其政治语境——霍华德·津恩的“人民历史”及其影响

霍华德·津恩是美国新左派史学的著名人物,以其激进的批判精神著称。他的代表作《美国人民史》以"人民"作为核心概念对美国历史重新进行解读和叙述,反思盎格鲁—新教文化为核心的"美国信念",指出以往历史书写背后隐含的白人种族主义、精英主义、性别歧视等问题。20世纪70年代以来,以"种族"、"性别"、"阶级"为核心的分析范畴开始主导美国当代史学,津恩的"人民历史"恰逢其时地体现了这一趋势。围绕津恩这种激进的史学思想在学术界内外展开的争论,体现了史学走向公众之后对政治价值观造成的冲击和分化,展现了学术和政治在历史书写问题上的巨大张力,这也反映了当代美国史学界在政治认同问题上所面临的分歧和挑战。     

尊魏,恋蜀,远吴:刘咸炘对《三国志》三国亲疏书写的认知

陈寿《三国志》以魏蜀吴何方为尊乃正统论视角下中国史学研究中的一个热点。自宋以后,以蜀汉为正统的观点渐趋主流。刘咸炘从历史实际和历史编纂学两方面入手,认为陈寿在《三国志》中对魏蜀吴三国的亲疏认知为:尊魏,恋蜀,远吴。刘氏认为陈寿尊魏有四大书写体现;在吴蜀之间,则尊蜀过吴;陈寿对蜀汉存故国之心,但无阴蜀为帝之意。刘咸炘对《三国志》亲疏书写的认知,是其历史编纂学思想的重要体现,亦是其史学批评思想的重要组成部分,在他的史学体系中具有突出的位置,值得重视。     

报刊世界史论文索引

奴隶革命在西欧社会历史变革中起了决定作用(陈 昌福)《上海师院学报》81—1。文艺复兴时期西欧的史学(郭圣铭)《历史研究》81— 2。要实事求是地评价“文艺复兴”(王正平)《杭州大学 学报》81—1。论一些民族直接过渡到封建社会的原因和共同特征     

当代俄罗斯史研究的帝国视角探析北大核心

20世纪80年代以来,世界范围内的俄罗斯史研究出现了明显的“帝国热”倾向。这一热潮的出现,不能简单地归结为单一的学科发展趋势,其中也包含通过政治学、民族学、文化学、社会学、语言学、性别学等多学科视角进行的综合研究。在此背景下,史学研究的帝国化视角可以理解为脱离先前单一的民族国家桎梏,转向突出帝国的后殖民时代背景。新时期的俄罗斯帝国研究以“帝国范式”为主要分析工具,突破了原有的不适用于帝国研究的民族国家研究范式,帝国的“古老”叙事也在本质上突破了旧有的对历史上某一个时间节点、历史人物或者历史事件的碎片化理解,进而以跨学科的研究方式将帝国史研究置于多学科视角下。     

《皇明启运录》与明兴史事的书写

陈建《皇明启运录》是继吴朴《龙飞纪略》之后,第二部系统记载明太祖一朝史事的私修编年史,也是明代中期士人藉以了解明初历史的最重要的一部著作。《启运录》的编撰,并非如成说所谓以《龙飞纪略》为蓝本,而是基本上未参考吴著,独立撰成。它的成书,主要体现了明代史学不断积累与发展的内在脉络。《启运录》博采群籍,包括官修史乘、杂史、方志、文集乃至小说家言,但并未参考《明实录》。它对史事考辨不甚措意,其史料取舍主要围绕"开国"的主题和资治的宗旨,为了表彰人物和论说事理的需要,常常不严格遵守编年体的体例,有时甚至对历史进行有意无意的建构。《启运录》对明兴史事的书写,反映了明代中期政治与学术的某些面相。     

杰拉尔德及其威尔士历史文本

杰拉尔德是12世纪晚期的威尔士著名学者。他参与了当时西欧不少政治和宗教事件,并留下了诸多记录和作品。他的《威尔士巡游记》和《威尔士风物志》是中古威尔士和凯尔特文化研究领域最重要的基础文献,也是12世纪文艺复兴在英格兰的重要成果。杰拉尔德所留下的丰厚遗产值得当代学者深入发掘。     

Pseudo-Turpin,the crisis of the aristocracy and the beginnings of vernacular historiography in France

The opening decades of the thirteenth century witnessed the birth of historical writing in Old French prose, marking a decisive evolution in the historical tastes of the lay aristocracy, whose interest in the past had until then been satisfied by chanted verse histories and chansons de geste. The earliest products of the movement toward vernacular prose historiography were the first translations of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, of which no fewer than six independent versions were made within the confines of the French realm between 1200 and 1230. The translation of Pseudo-Turpin, and with it the creation of vernacular prose historiography, was the work of a small group of Franco-Flemish lords circulating in the orbit of the count of Flanders. This extreme chronological and geographical concentration suggests that vernacular historiography in general, and Pseudo-Turpin in particular, addressed itself with special urgency to the needs of the French aristocracy at a moment of crisis and that historiographical innovation was, at least in part, a response to changes taking place in the social and political conditions of noble life experienced at that moment.The substitution of prose for verse, and of history for legend, would seem to be the product of an ideological initiative on the part of the French aristocracy, whose social dominance in French society was being contested by the rise of royal power during the very period which witnessed the birth of vernacular prose historiography. By appropriating the inherent authority of Latin texts and by adapting prose for the historicization of aristocratic literary language, vernacular prose history emerges as a literature of fact, integrating on a literary level the historical experience and expressive language proper to the aristocracy. No longer the expression of a shared, collective image of the community's social past, vernacular prose history becomes instead a partisan record intended to serve the interests of a particular social group and inscribes, in the very nature of its linguistic code, a partisan and ideologically motivated assertion of the aristocracy's place and prestige in medieval society.     

Die Komnenen und die Kaiserkrone des westens

The opening decades of the thirteenth century witnessed the birth of historical writing in Old French prose, marking a decisive evolution in the historical tastes of the lay aristocracy, whose interest in the past had until then been satisfied by chanted verse histories and chansons de geste. The earliest products of the movement toward vernacular prose historiography were the first translations of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, of which no fewer than six independent versions were made within the confines of the French realm between 1200 and 1230. The translation of Pseudo-Turpin, and with it the creation of vernacular prose historiography, was the work of a small group of Franco-Flemish lords circulating in the orbit of the count of Flanders. This extreme chronological and geographical concentration suggests that vernacular historiography in general, and Pseudo-Turpin in particular, addressed itself with special urgency to the needs of the French aristocracy at a moment of crisis and that historiographical innovation was, at least in part, a response to changes taking place in the social and political conditions of noble life experienced at that moment. The substitution of prose for verse, and of history for legend, would seem to be the product of an ideological initiative on the part of the French aristocracy, whose social dominance in French society was being contested by the rise of royal power during the very period which witnessed the birth of vernacular prose historiography. By appropriating the inherent authority of Latin texts and by adapting prose for the historicization of aristocratic literary language, vernacular prose history emerges as a literature of fact, integrating on a literary level the historical experience and expressive language proper to the aristocracy. No longer the expression of a shared, collective image of the community's social past, vernacular prose history becomes instead a partisan record intended to serve the interests of a particular social group and inscribes, in the very nature of its linguistic code, a partisan and ideologically motivated assertion of the aristocracy's place and prestige in medieval society.     

Merchants' attitudes to work in the Barcelona of the later Middle Ages: organisation of working space,distribution of time and scope of investments

The debate concerning the attitude to work of medieval and renaissance merchants has been one of the most intense in twentieth-century historiography. Arising from the publication of the classic works of the sociologist Max Weber, the debate entered the field of historiography proper after the appearance of articles by Werner Sombart and Henri Pirenne. In the 1950s and 1960s, the works of Yves Renouard and Armando Sapori centred discussion on the development of a specifically mercantile culture in the Italy of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In this historiographic context, the article below is an attempt to approach, through original sources, the figure of the merchant in late medieval Barcelona. These sources are inventories, wills, and marriage contracts, through which is offered a three-dimensional analysis of the professional culture of such a merchant; the concept of professional space; the organisation of time; and the bearings of his commercial and patrimonial investments. The result of this analysis is an attempt to reinterpret the decadence of Barcelona at the end of the fifteenth century through the notion of work entertained by those involved in commerce, attempting by this means to merge the consideration of economic and cultural matters. It is also a proposal for a model of analysis of professional categories, which on so many occasions have been left to one side because of the preponderance of more traditional questions such as those concerning society, economics or politics.     

Merchants' attitudes to work in the Barcelona of the later Middle Ages: organisation of working space,distribution of time and scope of investments

The debate concerning the attitude to work of medieval and renaissance merchants has been one of the most intense in twentieth-century historiography. Arising from the publication of the classic works of the sociologist Max Weber, the debate entered the field of historiography proper after the appearance of articles by Werner Sombart and Henri Pirenne. In the 1950s and 1960s, the works of Yves Renouard and Armando Sapori centred discussion on the development of a specifically mercantile culture in the Italy of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In this historiographic context, the article below is an attempt to approach, through original sources, the figure of the merchant in late medieval Barcelona. These sources are inventories, wills, and marriage contracts, through which is offered a three-dimensional analysis of the professional culture of such a merchant; the concept of professional space; the organisation of time; and the bearings of his commercial and patrimonial investments. The result of this analysis is an attempt to reinterpret the decadence of Barcelona at the end of the fifteenth century through the notion of work entertained by those involved in commerce, attempting by this means to merge the consideration of economic and cultural matters. It is also a proposal for a model of analysis of professional categories, which on so many occasions have been left to one side because of the preponderance of more traditional questions such as those concerning society, economics or politics.     

Weapon‐related Cranial Lesions from Medieval and Renaissance Turin,Italy

Archaeological excavations carried out in the square around the Cathedral of S. Giovanni in Turin brought to light burials referable to the medieval and Renaissance periods. The anthropological examination of the skeletal remains allowed to identify two skeletons from the medieval period (10th–11th centuries) and four skeletons from the Renaissance age (15th century) showing weapon‐related cranial injuries. These peri mortem lesions are indicators of interpersonal aggression and in particular of armed conflicts. The two individuals from the early medieval period presented three traumas consisting in sharp force lesions caused by bladed weapons. As regards the Renaissance sample, the majority of the nine peri mortem injuries were sharp force wounds, followed by a blunt force trauma. These distribution patterns might reflect different fighting techniques, whereas the side distribution and location of the skull trauma provide further indications on the fighting modalities. Identification of the weapons that caused these traumas is suggested. The lack of post‐cranial wounds at Piazza S. Giovanni might be explained by the greater attention paid to the head, which was the main target of attack, or by adequate protection of the body through medieval and Renaissance armours. Otherwise, the wounds in the body would have been found only in the soft tissues, with no involvement of the bones. Despite the presence of weapon injuries, the results obtained from the study of the Renaissance sample are different from the findings of other contemporary battlefields. It is highly likely that the individuals of the Renaissance age were not young soldiers employed in war episodes and brought back for burial in Turin after battles that had taken place elsewhere. Instead, they were probably individuals who had died in riots or in other violent city episodes, as the historical records for the Renaissance age seem to confirm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中西比较视域中的宋代史学近世化:基于历史观与史学方法的考察

对比西方来看中国历史与史学问题,是中国史学近代转型接受西方学术框架所带来的一种学术视域。如果将西方区域化,那么,可以看到,宋代和作为西方史学近代化起源的文艺复兴一样出现了历史观与史学方法的革新,是中国史学“近世化”的开端,也是接触西方之前原生性的带有近代化特征的史学前近代阶段。由此可见中西史学近代化过程中的一致性与中国史学近代化的内在动力。     

20世纪中国的史学方法论研究

20世纪中国史学方法论研究,是一笔丰厚的史学遗产。从梁启超的《新史学》,到三四十年代一系列史学理论方法论读本的出版,再到当代台湾的史学方法论研究,是新史学派史学方法发展的大体脉络。从李大钊对马克思主义历史观的介绍和宣传,到郭沫若所代表的开始用马克思主义研究中国历史的尝试和实践,再到翦伯赞的《历史哲学教程》的出版,标志着中国马克思主义史学发展的第一阶段;从50到70年代是马克思主义史学方法广泛普及和曲折发展的时期;改革开放以后的20年,是中国马克思主义史学史上方法论研究空前繁荣和活跃的时期。总结百年来的史学方法论研究,给新世纪史学发展留下了诸多启示。     

史学话语权与20世纪的中国民族史学——兼说10卷本《中国史学思想通史》

20世纪中国社会发生变动,受到西方学术思潮的影响,中国史学进入到近代化时期.西方学术话语处在强势地位,在这样的大背景下,近代史学理论、思想的争论,基本是按照西方的史学理论的热点而展开,也随着西方史学理论的热点的变动而变动.这对扩大研究视野、深化相关的史学认识有一定的意义,但另一面是,民族史学的重要思想失去应有的地位.传统民族史学思想、理论具有重要的价值,是西方史学理论不能完全替代的;民族史学话语权的失落,对于中国史学发展是不利的.进入到21世纪,史学理论发展不能忽视中国民族史学思想的研究".认真总结民族史学思想遗产,对于当代史学具有重大的意义,是振兴民族史学的重要工作,也是民族史学走向世界的基本要求.     

Rapin,Hume and the identity of the historian in eighteenth century England

Paul de Rapin-Thoyras's History of England (1725–1731) has hitherto occupied a marginal position in most accounts of eighteenth-century historiography, despite its considerable readership and influence. This paper charts the publication history of the work, its politics and style, and the methods through which Rapin's British translators and booksellers successfully proposed the work as the model for new historical enquiry, and its author as the model for a modern historical writer. It is further argued that David Hume's writings and letters relating to his History of England (1754–1763) suggest a direct and critical engagement with Rapin's work, and with the identity of the historian, as it had been constructed through Rapin's success. By focussing on the mechanisms of production and circulation, and the impact which these had on the practice of historical writing in the eighteenth century, the paper aims to demonstrate the value of applying social–historical methods to the study of historical writing.     

五四时期对新史料的接受与认识

19世纪末以来新史料的大发现 ,对史学发展产生了深远影响。五四前后是接受与认识新史料的重要时期 ,王国维等人积极利用新史料进行史学研究并大力介绍新史料 ,使五四时期的中国史坛很快认识到了新史料的价值 ,这对于五四时期史学乃至 2 0世纪史学都有着非常重要的意义。