The Meaning Of Pepe: God's Law and The Western Arrernte

Using both ethnography and textual material, this paper describes the way in which Western Arrernte people in central Australia interpreted the Christianity brought to them by Lutheran missionaries. The mission became an isolated domestic economy, a context that allowed the Arrernte to interpret its teachings in terms of a "law." This Christian law was often referred to as pepe, the Western Arrernte word for "paper." It involved a particular rendering of literacy and rested on a highly localized order. These conditions of mission Christianity would change with the coming of land rights and a cash economy.     

Changing Concepts of Farmers and Herdsmen

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‘Working for’ and ‘Working’ among Western Arrernte in Central Australia1

This article discusses some conflicts between kin‐ and market‐based society as they are reflected in the lives of Western Arrernte in and around Ntaria (Hermannsburg). Both political economy and cultural analysis provide accounts of concomitant ‘problems about work’ and training initiatives in remote communities. Neither brings together, however, the issues of economic marginalisation and a history of cultural difference with its own transformations. This discussion takes its departure from the Arrernte's attempts to reconcile kinship service (‘working for’) and paid employment (‘working’) in everyday practice. It demonstrates that this attempt is part of broader change concerning the ways in which hunter‐gatherer people in Australia have been compelled to adapt to a world of cash and commodities, and waged employment. In this discussion, the focus is on remote indigenous Australians today.     

中世纪骑士行为变化与爱情观念

11世纪末期以后,西欧的骑士在对待妇女,以及在勇敢、道德、礼仪等方面的行为都发生了明显变化,这些变化与骑士的爱情观念密切相关。骑士爱情观念中蕴含着强有力的行为激励机制,而形成这种机制最直接的原因主要是骑士在一定社会条件下所产生的意愿要求和贵族妇女的相关状况。     

Shame and the Embodiment of Boundaries

ABSTRACT Attention to the debilitating feelings of unease, discomfort and anxiety which are the concomitants of everyday encounters and negotiations of Kooris at the mainstream interface brings an appreciation for the lived experience of the colonised minority and throws into relief complex struggles over meaning, manners, personal values, social allegiance and cultural survival. This paper focuses on the habituation and strategic deployment of shame at the racial divide. Koori subjectivities, bodily dispositions and emotional registers are found to be informed both by traditional orientations and by the hegemonic ends of the dominant order.     

社会政治变动与西周晚期的历史表述

西周晚期至东周之初是早期史学发展过程中的一个重要节点。受西周晚期社会政治变动的影响,该时期的历史表述产生了诸多重要变化。其一为表述主题发生转变,由原来侧重表述天命、族群及周王朝的发展,转而侧重贵族家族或诸侯功业等主题,开东周诸侯国史述作之风。其二为历史表述的内容与主旨渐趋丰富多元。西周衰亡刺激时人反思历史,审视时政,开始就历史动因提出不同的解释模式,实即私人述史的一个开端。其三为述作群体扩大,人数较多的中下级贵族及普通士阶层开始成为历史表述的主体。部分贵族士大夫摆脱旧观念的约束,就历史与政治发表看法或讴歌主君,"君子作歌"之风由此而起,实为春秋家史兴盛局面的滥觞。     

Memories of the Past,Visions of the Future: Changing Views of Ebenezer Mission,Victoria, Australia

Former missions and reserves occupy an increasingly important place in Australian Aboriginal heritage, as sites of recent memory, ancestral resting-places, and the foci of social action in the present. Since the 1970s heritage managers have drawn heavily upon archaeological research in reclaiming places such as Ebenezer Mission for Aboriginal descendants as well as the non-Aboriginal community. This program of research and conservation has been shaped by Aboriginal memories and values that express the community’s self-understandings and its hopes for the future, in a process that reveals the relationship between tangible and intangible aspects of the past.     

Tradition and Christianity: Controversial Funerals and Concepts of the Person among the Paiwan,Taiwan

This essay focuses on the complex and dynamic relationships between tradition and Christianity among the Paiwan, an Austronesian‐speaking people in Taiwan. The ethnography comes from a village in which adherents of traditional religion and Presbyterians live in the same area, but in separate quarters. They have close kinship and marriage ties; however, the funeral constitutes a major area of controversy and tension. I juxtapose their contrasting representations of death and funerals to highlight their differences and trace the source of their conflict to the ideological domain of concepts of the person. I argue that the differences in their funerals can be explained by the differences in the ways the two groups articulate two versions of the person. Adherents of traditional religion emphasize the holistic side of the person by calling the spirit of the deceased to reunite with the living, whereas Presbyterians stress the individualistic side of the person and maintain the boundary between the living and the dead. I propose that it is the co‐existence of two distinct concepts of the person and the different ways of articulating those concepts which shape the dynamic but often contradictory relationship between tradition and Christianity.     

曾国藩、李鸿章西洋武器观念差异之分析

曾国藩、李鸿章在对西洋武器的观念上有着明显的差异,曾国藩被动消极、李鸿章则积极主动;曾国藩侧重于"人",李鸿章则侧重于"器"。此种差异的形成主要是由于两人个性性格、思维方式和实践经验等三个方面的原因,这种差异折射了时代变迁的轨迹,而分析这种差异对于分析洋务运动之成败有一定的参考意义。     

Changing interest among physicians toward pneumococcal vaccination throughout the twentieth century

Interest in using pneumococcal vaccination among physicians has come full circle since the early twentieth century. Interest first arose during an epidemic among South African gold miners when a potential therapeutic agent, ethylhydrocupreine, caused significant toxicities. When a safe and effective vaccine became available in 1946, interest in using it paradoxically waned as its introduction coincided with the advent of penicillin. Physicians believed that this effective new antibiotic would change pneumonia from a dreaded infection to a casual, infrequent occurrence. The manufacturer was unable to promote vaccine use and withdrew it from the market. Enthusiasm for vaccination remained low long after limitations in antibiotic therapy of pneumococcal infections became clear in the 1960s and a new vaccine once again became available in 1978. Interest in vaccination was eventually renewed in the 1990s when the propagation of pneumococcal resistance to multiple agents diminished the complete confidence that physicians had in antibiotics and when populations at risk for infection were expanding. Scientific evidence of vaccine efficacy, demonstrated in 1944 and 1977, has not alone been sufficient to convince physicians to use vaccination. Rather, doctors have accepted the need to vaccinate for pneumococcus when they have recognized the shortcomings of therapeutic measures during epidemic periods.     

民国时期英国驻拉萨代表团的设置及其活动(英文)

During the period of the Republic of China,the British behaved aggressively towards Tibet.Serving as the frontline and centres of the aggression,British representative agencies in different areas have since become object of study for scholars1.Generally speaking,     

联合国善后救济总署的诞生及其使命

联合国善后救济总署 (以下简称“联总”)孕育于第二次世界大战期间。考虑到战后初期战争受害者可能面临的生存困境 ,美英两国决定动员其本土未曾遭受敌国直接入侵的联合国成员国捐资 ,对战争直接受害国及其难民提供大规模善后救济援助。为执行上述使命 ,联总应运而生。短短两年间 ,联总将价值 39.6 8亿美元的 2 4 1 0万长吨 (即“度、量”单位简称 )稀缺资源无偿地馈赠给中国、波兰、南斯拉夫、乌克兰、白俄罗斯和意大利等国人民 ,在世界史上留下闪光的记录     

Zooarchaeology and Changing Food Practices at Carrizales,Peru Following the Spanish Invasion

Through analysis of zooarchaeological remains from two occupations at the site of Carrizales, we examine how an indigenous Peruvian maritime community responded to imperial interventions in their daily lives in the late sixteenth century. Following their forced resettlement into a planned reducción village, and amidst demographic decline and tribute extraction, Carrizales’s residents significantly changed how they put food on the table, pursuing less time-intensive strategies of food collection and incorporating Eurasian animals into their diets. These results illustrate the dynamism of relations between imperial political economies and domestic life and the efficacy of indigenous survival strategies.     

Death by gunshot: Biocultural implications of trauma at Mission San Luis

Contrary to the popular myth known as the Black Legend, very little evidence of traumatic injury and death of Native Americans at the hands of Spaniards in the southeastern USA has been uncovered in the archaeological record. This paper reports on the circumstances of death of an individual from Mission San Luis de Talimali (AD 1656-1704), located in northern Florida. A determination of biological affinity of the victim is not possible based on currently available skeletal and contextual evidence. Presence of .44 calibre lead shot in the region of the lumbar vertebrae indicates that the individual probably died from a gunshot wound or complications that followed. To our knowledge, this is the only instance of death in this manner known from Spanish Florida. Bioarchaeological evidence indicates that death resulting from the use of firearms was apparently minimal in this region of colonial America, and other factors—including infectious disease, malnutrition, and forced relocation—were of far greater importance in explaining the precipitous decline and depopulation of native groups in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, at least in Spanish Florida.     

班固“周室观”的形成及其表现

班固的“周室观”,是在两汉之际汉之德属之争的背景下形成的。班固有选择地接受了刘歆五行相生的德运观念,将汉的建立看作是对周的代嬗,从而形成了尊崇周室并将之看作是汉室兴盛标准的“周室观”。班固的”周室观”不仅表现在《汉书》的写作中,而且是《两都赋》中坚持东都的一个思想资源。     

转变旅游教育观念，培养跨世纪创新人才——澳大利亚国际旅馆学校的启示

澳大利亚国际旅馆学校附属于美国康奈尔大学。是亚太地区颇具影响的旅游管理专业学校。本文由该校的启示,提出我国旅游教育应转变教育思想,重视和加强学生创造力、表现力以及专业知识应用能力的培养,树立智力以及非智力协调发展的教育观念．改进教学方法和手段,逐步使我国高等旅游教育与国际接轨。     

Exploration of Basel Mission Company shipwreck remains at St George's Reef off Goa, West Coast of India: impact of the Basel Mission Co. on society and culture

A systematic exploration of shipwrecks has been carried out in Goa waters since 1997. Exploration off St George's Reef has brought to light the remains of a shipwreck at a depth of 15 m, containing various types of terracotta artefacts intended for house construction. Basel Mission Tile Works 1865' is impressed on bricks, roof and floor tiles. Study shows that the company was active in manufacturing terracotta and exported it to Africa, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, and other countries. It has been renamed 'Comtrust', and is still producing terracotta using the same techniques. The impact of the Basel Mission Co. on society and culture is discussed. A study of finds of wrecks in the Mangalore and Calicut areas was undertaken.