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1.
    
Dental enamel hypoplasia, a deficit in enamel matrix formation, occurs in childhood and in utero as a result of survived nutritional deficiencies/diseases. Examination of hypoplastic lesions in ancient skeletal remains provides an excellent index of developmental stress levels in the past. In this research, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) was detected to investigate the relation between social status, health, and nutritional conditions of the Romans during the Imperial Age. LEH was scored in 3,105 permanent teeth of 177 individuals found in two large necropolises in Rome (Italy), dating back to first to third centuries AD. Both sites are located near the ancient city centre, and the presence of different grave typologies, with monumental mausoleums and simple tombs, testifies the presence of stratified social classes. LEH was observed in the whole dentition. Statistically significant differences were found in all the parameters considered, mostly in anterior dentition. Frequencies of the teeth and of the individuals affected were higher in the lower than in the upper class, in both sexes and ages, whereas male/female or adult/subadult differences were not statistically significant. The mean number of events for individuals was also higher in the lower class. Chronological distribution of age at onset of the stressful events seems to be social status related. The study of two subsamples with different subsistence patterns in the same population allowed us to detect a relationship between LEH and social status in Imperial Rome, indicating that the socially advantaged group enjoyed better health in this past population.  相似文献   

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3.
This paper describes a case of an intrasellar tumour found in a male skull from Southern Italy dating from the middle Bronze Age. The sella turcica shows considerable enlargement in all diameters, erosion of the dorsum and marked depression of the floor. These features are consistent with a diagnosis of pituitary tumour, probably a non-secreting adenoma.  相似文献   

4.
    
An archaeological case of clay‐shoveler's fracture was observed in an adult male exhumed from a Roman necropolis dated to the 1st–3rd century AD and located in the city of Barcelona, Spain. Clay‐shoveler's fracture is a breakage of a lower cervical or upper thoracic spinous process as a result of mechanical stress. Different mechanisms have been related to this injury, generally in labour‐related contexts. This paper reviews the literature concerning this uncommon finding, focusing especially on its mechanism and on activity‐related lesions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
    
The aim of this study was to investigate an individual from a Cassino necropolis of the 3rd century BC. The inhumation shows a rectangular wound between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the cranium. Furthermore a series of pathological traces on the post‐cranial skeleton are present. The trepanation of the skull seems intentional: probably a healed surgical procedure to treat a sword wound. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
    
Pituitary gigantism is a rare endocrine disorder caused by excess secretion of growth hormone during childhood. Individuals with this condition exhibit unusually tall stature due to prolonged growth as well as associated degenerative changes. Continued secretion of excess growth hormone during adulthood results in acromegaly, a related condition that results in bony overgrowth of the skull, hands and feet. The remains of a large adult male, probably in his late 20s or early 30s, from a Fifth Dynasty tomb (2494–2345 BC) were excavated in 2001 from Cemetery 2500 in the Western Cemetery at Giza, Egypt, as part of the Howard University Giza Cemetery Project. This individual exhibits characteristics of pituitary gigantism, including tall but normally‐proportioned stature, delayed epiphyseal union, a large sella turcica, advanced arthritis and a transepiphyseal fracture of the left femoral head. Additional pathological features, including osteopenia and thinness of the parietal bones, suggest that this individual may also have been hypogonadal. Craniometric comparisons with other ancient Egyptian groups as well as modern normal and acromegalic patients show some tendency toward acromegalic skull morphology. Differential diagnosis includes eunuchoid gigantism, Sotos syndrome, Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome, Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, Weaver syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. In conclusion, the pathological features associated with this skeleton are more consistent with pituitary gigantism than any of the other syndromes that result in skeletal overgrowth. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
In 1991, the wreck of a late 3rd–early 4th century AD Roman merchant vessel was discovered on the west coast of Sicily that had carried North African amphora, tubuli, and other ceramics. The hull was dismantled and raised in 2011, including a keel hook‐scarfed to stem and sternposts, 39 pegged mortise‐and‐tenon joined planks, 43 frames with an irregular pattern of floor‐timbers, half‐timbers, and futtocks fastened to the planking with treenails and copper nails, sister‐keelsons and evidence of two stringers, 36 ceiling strakes, and the base of a bilge pump. Many repairs are indicated. The fairly flat bottom and round bilges, mortise‐and‐tenons, sister‐keelsons and lack of a coherent framing pattern, place the boat in the Western Imperial tradition.  相似文献   

8.
    
The evolution of metallurgical practices over several millennia has resulted in human exposures to a diverse variety of toxic elements. These exposures were not just confined to the metalworkers, but in many cases broadly impacted the larger community and society. The role of lead in Roman civilization is particularly fascinating, where the available evidence of lead use in a myriad of applications by Roman civilization suggests the potential for elevated exposures. The present paper addresses the hypothesis that because of these practices, Roman occupants of ancient Londinium (43–410 ad ) were exposed to levels of lead that far exceeded exposures in the preceding populations of Iron Age Britain (700 bc –43 ad ). The elemental content and stable lead and strontium isotopic signatures of 30 femora from three Londinium cemeteries and radiocarbon-dated representative burials were examined and the results then compared with 70 femora dating to the pre-Roman Iron Age from the well-known Iron Age hillfort of Danebury, Hampshire, and from three cemeteries in East Yorkshire. Extensive efforts were directed at the minimization of sediment and soil contamination, the assessment of contamination from burial artefacts and a careful review of the burial context of specimens. Data for lead and 20 additional trace and major elements were obtained by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), after acid dissolution of pre-cleaned bone cores. Lead isotope ratios in the bone core digests (and burial soils) were measured by multi-collector ICPMS. It was found that concentrations of lead in the Roman/Londinium-era femora were > 70-fold greater than those from pre-Roman populations. This was confirmed by femoral data obtained from the analysis of a pre-Roman burial from the early first century bc found adjacent to the Southern Cemetery. Several major and trace element metrics for diagenesis demonstrate that levels of lead in the bone are robust indicators of human exposure during life. Lead isotope data for the Roman population are consistent with previously identified widespread lead pollution. The pre-Roman populations contain lead isotopic compositions consistent with highly localized, minor sources of lead. Together, these data provide unequivocal confirmation that the Romans in Londinium were exposed to elevated lead levels. Elevated blood lead levels would have resulted, negatively affecting their health and possibly contributing to declining birth rates.  相似文献   

9.
    
This study is the result of a multidisciplinary approach and focuses on a case of considerable historical and medical interest. The work originally stemmed from findings at a funerary site in the area of Casal Bertone in Rome (Italy), regards an individual in a tomb identified simply by the number “75.” The skeletal alterations that were later discovered gave rise a debate among the members of the team. Challenges in identifying the pathology have brought historians, anthropologists, and radiologists into the field with the use of sophisticated equipment, including CT scans and X‐ray equipment, as well as some analyses carried out with the latest spectrometers. Consequently, the most likely diagnostic hypothesis resulted in gout. During this work, each area of study dealt with the problem in a different manner, allowing for a greater understanding of gout at this point in history, how this pathology might have influenced a person's life, as well as the medical approaches and techniques used to treat it in the imperial age of the second century BCE.  相似文献   

10.
The lead isotope compositions of many different samples from lead ingots of Roman age from two relicts (from Cabrera, and from Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer) of the Western Mediterranean have been measured. Other lead isotope analyses of ores, metals or lead ingots from mines of Sierra Morena and from Cartagena and Sardinia have been accomplished. All the lead isotope measurements have been performed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Union, Ispra (Va), Italy. The samples have been prepared in a class 100 clean room, using only ultrapure reagents and FEP materials. In view of the archaeological arguments, it was possible to believe that the Roman lead ingots of the Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer 1 wreck came from Spanish lodes, as well as those of the Cabrera 5 wreck. In fact, while the comparison between the first group of ingots (Cabrera 5) and the lead from Sierra Morena is consistent, the correspondence between the second group of ingots (Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer 1) and the Cevennes ores (southern France) gives rise to several problems concerning the archaeological and physical origins. These problems are discussed.  相似文献   

11.
The highest platforms of As Laias, a settlement located in northwest Iberia, were used for storage during the Iron Age and until the turn of the Era. In this time-span, the whole hilltop – the croa – was a walled enclosure mostly used for storage and due to recurrent fires affecting the settlement's terraces, abundant plant remains were preserved in overlying wattle and daub storage structures.  相似文献   

12.
For investigating the formation of frontier zones, study of changes in small communities that constituted the majority of earlier populations provides a different perspective from a focus on major centers. A network model applied to settlement and cemetery sites on Romes Danube River frontier in Bavaria, Germany, shows that many communities, through participation in regional and long-distance circulation systems, played significant roles in creating the dynamic and culturally heterogeneous character of that landscape. This approach offers a model applicable to analysis of the formation and functioning of frontier regions in all cultural contexts.  相似文献   

13.
    
Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of the World. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. Pp. xi, 464. 827.50 (US). Reviewed by W. Warren Wagar

Alfred W. Crosby. Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology through History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 206. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by William H. Mcneill

Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, Variorum, 2002. Pp. xii, 312. $105.95 (US). Reviewed by Nicola Di Cosmo

Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. ix, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Chandra R. De Silva

Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 215. $18.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter Edbury

Thomas T. Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 245. 860.00 (US). Reviewed by Jonathan Shepard

Haim Beinart. The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Jeffrey M. Green. Oxford and Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2002. Pp. xv, 591. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Felipe Fernández-Armesto

H. G. Koenigsberger. Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xix, 381. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Christine Kooi

Mary Elizabeth Ailes. Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 192. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward Furgol

Alastair Hamilton. Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence in Antwerp's Golden Age. London and Oxford: The Arcadian Library in association with Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. 134. £60.00. Reviewed by Deborah Howard

HARRY G. GELBER. Nations out of Empires: European Nationalism and the Transformation of Asia. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. ix, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Fred Halliday

Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, eds. Elizabeth I: Collected Works. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. xxiv, 446. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by John Craig

Jeremy Black. European International Relations, 1648–1815. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 274. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jennifer Mori

Mlada Bukovansky. Legitimacy and Power Politics: The American and French Revolutions in International Political Culture. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 255. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Norman Hampson

Patricia Seed. American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 299. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Sarah H. Hill

Patrick Griffin. The People with No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689–1764. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 244. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by K. David Milobar

Thomas Philipp. Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. 299. $17.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by DINA Rizk Khoury

Don H. Doyle. Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 130. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Enrico Dal Lago

Charles John Fedorak. Henry Addington, Prime Minister, 1801–1804: Peace, War, and Parliamentary Politics. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 268. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by J. E. Cookson

Dáire Keogh and Kevin Whelan, eds. Acts of Union: The Causes, Contexts, and Consequences of the Act of Union. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 270. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Jim Smyth

Klaus Gallo. Great Britain and Argentina: From Invasion to Recognition, 1806-26. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vi, 195. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew S. Thompson

Rory Muir. Salamanca 1812. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 322. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Thorburn Herzog

William Barr, ed. and annotated. From Barrow to Boothia: The Arctic Journal of Chief Factor Peter Warren Dease, 1836–1839. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 330. $49.95 (CDN). Reviewed by William R. Morrison

Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, eds. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 444. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David Clayton

John Mason Hart. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp.xi, 677. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Thomas Schoonover

Jeremy Black. Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 243. $19.95 (US)J paper; Jeremy Black, ed. European Warfare, 1815–2000. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vii, 247. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Craig Gibson

Paul B. Miller. From Revolutionaries to Citizens: Antimilitarism in France, 1870–1914. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 277. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Martin Ceadel

David Healy. James G. Blaine and Latin America. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2001. Pp. vii, 278. $39–95 (US). Reviewed by Edward P. Crapol

Rolf Hobson. Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914. Boston and Leiden: Brill, 2002. Pp. x, 358. $90.00 (US). Reviewed by John Beeler

Roderick R. McLean. Royalty and Diplomacy in Europe, 1890–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 239. $54.95 (US). Reviewed by David French

Philippe Chassaigne and Michael Dockrill, eds. Anglo-French Relations, 1898–1998: From Fashoda to Jospin. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 211. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Anthony Adamthwaite

Rebecca E. Karl. Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 314. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Joan Judge

Christopher Mckee. Sober Men and True: Sailor Lives in the Royal Navy, 1900–1945. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp.285. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Geoffrey Till

Andrew Mango. Atatürk. London: John Murray, 2001. Pp. xiii, 666. £18.00, paper. Reviewed by Frank Tachau

Susan Solomon. The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xxii, 383. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Bryan C. Storey

Jaroslaw Suchoples. Finland and the United States, 1917–1919: The Early Years of Mutual Relations, trans. Tadeuz Z. Wolahski. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2000; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 221. $29.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David W. McFadden

David Henry Slavin. Colonial Cinema and Imperial France, 1919–1939: White Blind Spots, Male Fantasies, Settler Myths. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 300. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by ?William B. Cohen

David French. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany, 1919–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 319. 821.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by B. J. C. McKercher

Joseph Moretz. The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period: An Operational Perspective. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xxi, 292. $57.50 (US). Reviewed by Keith Neilson

Frances Gouda with Thus Brocades Zaalberg. American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2002. Pp. 382. €31.90, paper. Reviewed by Gary R. Hess

György Péteri. Global Monetary Regime and National Central Banking: The Case of Hungary, 1921–1929, trans. Mario D. Fenyo. Boulder and Wayne: East European Monographs and Center for Hungarian Studies, 2002; dist. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. x, 199. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Jürgen Nautz

David Dutton. Neville Chamberlain. London and New York: Arnold and Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 245. £12.99 paper. Reviewed by Joseph A. Maiolo

Steven T. Ross, ed. US War Plans: 1938–1945. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2002. Pp. ix, 371. $89.95 (US) Reviewed by Allan R. Millett

Radomir Luza with Christina Vella. The Hitler Kiss: A Memoir of the Czech Resistance. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 295. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Igor Lukes

Nicholas Tarling. A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, 1941–1945. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 286. $36.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas J. White

Andrew J. Whitfield. Hong Kong, Empire, and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941-45. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xii, 266. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Chan Lau Kit-Ching

James McAllister. NO Exit: America and the German Problem, 1943–1954. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 283. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Frank Ninkovich

Peter C. Kent. The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 321. $45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Owen Chadwick

Tim Jones. Postwar Counterinsurgency and the SAS, 1945–1952: A Special Type of Warfare. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2001. Pp. xxii, 233. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Colin McInnes

Richard Overy. Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945. New York and London: Viking, 2001. Pp. xxii, 650. $32.95 (US). Reviewed by Norman J. W. Goda

Joy Damousi. Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia, and Grief in Postwar Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. viii, 240. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Bruce Scates

Sean M. Maloney. Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, 1945-1970. St Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell Publishing, 2002. Pp. xiv, 265. $35.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Desmond Morton

Arnold A. Offner. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 626. $37.95 (US) Reviewed by Andrew J. Dunar

Frank Heinlein. British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xiii, 337- $57.50 (US). Reviewed by David Goldsworthy

Matthew Connelly. A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii, 400. $113.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Phillip C. Naylor

Martin Schain, ed. The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xiii, 297. $59.95 (US); Vibeke Sørensen. Denmark's Social Democratic Government and the Marshall Plan, 1947–1950, ed. Mogens Riidiger. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 360. $47.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Alan S. Milward

Sumit Ganguly. Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press; Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001. Pp. 187. $18.50 (US), paper; C. Dasgupta. War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48. New Delhi and Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2002. Pp. 239. $44.00 (US). Reviewed by Anita Inder Singh

Hubert Zimmermann. Money and Security: Troops, Monetary Policy, and West Germany's Relations with the United States and Britain, 1950–1971. Washington and New York: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 275. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Abenheim

Jennifer Milliken. The Social Construction of the Korean War: Conflict and Its Possibilities. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xi, 258. $107.00 (CDN). Reviewed by K. M. Fierke

Percy Cradock. Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World. London: John Murray, 2002. Pp. xii, 351. £25.00. Reviewed by Richard J. Aldrich

The Military History Institute Of Vietnam. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, trans. Merle L. Pribbenow; foreword by William J. Duiker. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xxvi, 494. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert K. Brigham

Jeffrey Glen Giauque. Grand Designs and Visions of Unity: The Adantic Powers and the Reorganization of Western Europe, 1955–1963. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 326. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Wolfram Kaiser

Robert D. Dean. Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001. Pp. x, 329. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Wesley T. Wooley

Piero Gleijeses. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xix, 552. $57.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Wayne S. Smith

M. E. Sarotte. Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Dátente, and Ostpolitik, 1969–1973. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xvii, 295. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Helga Haftendorn

Wakaizumi Kei. The Best Course Available: A Personal Account of the Secret US Japan Okinawa Reversion Negotiations, ed. John Swenson-Wright. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002. Pp. x, 367. $49.00 (US). Reviewed by Hugo Dobson

Delia M. Boylan. Defusing Democracy: Central Bank Autonomy and the Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Sylvia Maxfield

Ahmed Rashid. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 281. $24.00 (US). Reviewed by Virginia Martin

François Furet and Ernst Nolte. Fascism and Communism, trans. Katherine Golsan. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. Pp. xvii, 98. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen

Mark R. Beissinger. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 503. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Taras Kuzio

Elinor C. Sloan. The Revolution in Military Affairs: Implications for Canada and NATO. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 188. $24.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Joel J. Sokolsky

Michael Keren and Donald A. Sylvan, eds. International Intervention: Sovereignty versus Responsibility. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xi, 191. $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Nicholas Onuf

Darren G. Hawkins. International Human Rights and Authoritarian Rule in Chile. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 259. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Brian Loveman

Akira Iriye. Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 246. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Chadwick F. Alger  相似文献   

14.
    
A sample of 303 skeletons from the Etruscan necropolis of Spina (Ferrara, Italy, 6th–3rd centuries bc ) was examined for paleopathological lesions in order to assess the general health, diseases and quality of life of this Iron Age population. The observed pathologies included porotic hyperostosis, specific and aspecific infections, metabolic and endocrine disorders, tumours and osteoarthritis. A total of 46.7% of adults and 7.7% of subadults showed at least one pathological lesion. Statistical comparisons were made between sexes and adult‐age classes (20–35 years and >35 years) to analyse the prevalence of the lesions. The analysis of porotic hyperostosis and osteoperiostitis allowed to determine the general health status of this group, and the analysis of osteoarthritis allowed to hypothesise a gender division of labour. The results suggest a relatively high‐life expectancy for the time as well as good health and quality of life. The few specific infections and metabolic disorders indicate fairly good nutrition, while the high frequency of porotic hyperostosis can be partly linked to some type of hereditary anaemia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
During underwater survey around Crotone, Calabria, Italy, in 2005, structures from two harbour phases were located, possibly dating from the Archaic Greek and Roman periods. Both harbours are close to the Greek and Roman architectural remains on Capo Colonna, as well as to underwater deposits of large stone blocks and other, previously-excavated sites. With the discovery of these harbour structures, new hypotheses arise for understanding the building-material deposits and excavated sites. A critical component of these hypotheses is the assessment of local geological data, specifically ancient sea-level, in relation to the archaeological record.
© 2007 Author  相似文献   

16.
In this paper zooarchaeological evidence from Iron Age and Roman sites in South-East Britain is presented and the results are applied to the continuing debate over culture contact and change following the Roman invasion. Evidence from Heybridge in Essex indicates that there were two stages of livestock development. These may reflect the import of new breeding stock into Britain. Differences between the rate of livestock development at this rural site and the nearby urban centre of Colchester indicate differing mechanisms of animal supply between the two sites. The appearance of very large cattle in Late Roman contexts at Boreham in Essex suggests that improvement of animals continued throughout the Roman occupation and was not merely an initial response to new economic and administrative demands. The biometrical evidence from these three sites is compared with evidence from elsewhere in Europe and the development of livestock during the Roman Period is shown to be complex and varied. The impetus and ideology behind the changes in animal husbandry following the Roman invasion in Britain are explored.  相似文献   

17.
    
Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (SCT) is a rare genetic disease. It was described for the first time during the 1970s. The most relevant pathognomonic skeletal changes are vertebral malsegmentation and the fusion of the carpal and tarsal bones. This last implication can be absent in some cases. We have investigated a case of SCT in a female of about 40–45 years of age, dated to the 2nd century ad . This discovery is important for two reasons: first, SCT is not a recent disease but rather one with a very long history; second, the clinical picture of the skeletal changes (malsegmentation of some elements of the spine, fusion of carpal bones) seems not to have varied in the last 2000 years. Furthermore, the age of the Roman female shows medium–long survival in patients suffering from SCT, even in the absence of medical treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
19.
    
Cribra orbitalia and cribra cranii are considered good indicators of the health and nutritional status of ancient populations, as their presence is often associated with chronic acquired anaemia. The distribution of these lesions in two Roman samples from the Ravenna area and Rimini was considered as a measure of health in relation to their respective environments. Enamel hypoplasia was also assessed as it is symptomatic of childhood physiological stresses such as malnutrition, infectious diseases, physiological traumas, and the like. The differential analysis suggests that the lesions observed are due to chronic acquired anaemia, probably caused by a poor diet, worm infestation, infections and parasitic diseases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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Abstract

The results of an analysis on plant remains (fruit, seeds, pollen and wood) found in sediments in a Roman well in Vada Sabatia (Vado Ligure, Liguria, Italy), dated between the first and fourth centuries AD are presented. The remains are well preserved and constitute an exceptional record of the Ligurian area. Five layers have been recognised: three corresponding to the well when in use and two to the well when it was no longer in use. The vegetational cover of the area has been found to be similar to that observed in the coastal plain near Albingaunum (Albenga) pertaining to the same period. Moreover, the two superficial layers have cumulated a large amount of macroremains related to the period in which the well was no longer in use. The principal tree and vegetable crops and cereals of the coastal plain were present, due to the influence of maritime and mercantile trade, as were the prevailing ruderal and weed species and the tree cover. The presence of carpological remains of Castanea sativa, Secale cereale, Beta vulgaris and Cucumis sativus is reported for the first time in the Roman Age in Liguria. The influence of the arrival of the Romans can be seen from new crops, such as Prunus persica, and the introduction of exotic fruit like Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus jujuba. Several wooden artefacts, for example, a rack for drying lucerne and a tool handle, made of Cornus or Viburnum and Viburnum cf. lantana respectively, have been found. The well has proved to be an ideal location for the preservation of plant remains compared with other studied archaeological situations in Liguria and in Southern France, as it presents a higher variety of cultivated fruits, vegetables and cereals.  相似文献   

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