论托马斯·杰斐逊权力制约思想的内在逻辑

托马斯·杰斐逊因一生为保障人民的自由和民主而闻名于世,权力制约便是其保障人民权利的关键举措。所以他是权力制约思想的重要倡导和设计者,且其权力制约思想具有严密的内在逻辑:自然权利学说是其前提;人性论与公共权力论是其依据;分权制衡与人民监督反抗是其实施方案;民主共和国是其最终目标。     

论信赖保护原则在行政许可撤回中存在的问题

信赖保护原则作为我国行政法的基本原则之一,随着2003年首部《行政许可法》的通过,在行政许可领域应运而生,这标志着信赖保护原则在行政许可范围内法治化的实现,行政相对人的合理利益可依据该原则而受到保护.但在实际应用中,行政机关在作出行政行为,也并没有因该原则的限制而减少朝令夕改的现象.尤其是在行政许可的撤回中,行政机关基...     

国民政府在惩处日本战犯问题上的两面性

左双文教授在《国民政府与惩处日本战犯几个问题的再考察》一文中指出：战后国民政府对日本战犯的处置问题,是战后对日处置的一个重要方面。最初国民政府对这一问题甚为重视,在战时即成立了专门的调查机构,进行相应准备,战后亦投入了一定人力物力以策进行。但国民政府因为自身战略利益的需要,秉持蒋介石“以德报怨”的对日处理方针,对战犯的...     

论美英在承认新中国问题上各行其是的深层原因

文章认为,美英在是否承认新中国的问题上存在广泛的分歧,这不仅是因为全球冷战背景下美英对华政策追求的首要目标差异所致,而且也源于其相关外交传统、决策思路以及国内外决策背景的迥异。美英最终在承认新中国问题上各行其是,其实是美英政策发展的逻辑结果,而并非因为朝鲜战争的爆发或中国共产党的对美政策导致了美国对新中国的不承认。     

论英美在承认新中国问题上的分歧与协调

英美在是否承认新中国问题上的立场明显不同:英国主张尽早承认,尽管其决策取向经历了一个从事实承认到法律承认的递进过程;美国则始终坚持反对过早承认和主张有条件承认,具有不承认的实质性内容,并注定了不承认的结局。1949年1～5月,英美分歧凸显;1949年7月至1950年初,英美就承认问题不断磋商,但整个协商过程表明双方各执己见,最终各行其是,英国于1950年1月6日正式承认新中国,而早在1950年初美国在近期内承认新中国的可能性已不存在。     

振兴老工业基地建设中社会保障问题在立法上的思考

社会保障制度是国家通过国民收入分配和再分配,依法对社会成员的基本生活权利给予保障的一种安全制度。社会保障法是社会的保险法,是保护人权的权益法,是公平分配财富的平衡法。建立一套完善的社会保障制度,是振兴老工业基地不可或缺的有力保证和关键环节。     

论60年代美国政府在中国问题上的几个基本观念

研究60年代的美国对华政策,必须先考察决定这一时期美国对华政策的核心理念,即“观念”,学术界似乎没有涉及这方面的讨论。1961—1968年间,美国民主党政府形成了对中国的四个基本观念：确认中国的现实存在;中国共产党敌视美国,富有侵略性,威胁美国的利益;中国经济危机导致粮食紧缺,社会动荡;中共内部权力斗争激烈,当权派受到挑战,政局混乱。承认中国的“现实存在”,表明美国政府意识到,必须尝试新的对华政策出路。但美国对华政策的基本出发点是,期望中国的“混乱”局面能推翻现行“敌视”美国的领导层,催生新一代“务实派”领导。然而,整个60年代,一片骚乱过后,中国并没有出现美国想要的结局,最终美国排除了对中国改变政策的可能性。     

论战后英国在香港问题上的态度(1945—1949)

香港沦为英国殖民地是19世纪英国资产阶级武装侵略、掠夺中国的产物。这是众所周知的事实。中国政府根据1984年签署的中英联合声明将于1997年对香港恢复行使主权已为世人所瞩目。但是关于中英两国在二战结束后就香港的归属问题进行过激烈的交涉这一段历史却鲜为人知。在中英两国关系中,香港问题占有特殊的重要地位。研究战后英国在香港问题上所持态度,分析决定其态度的各种因素,具有一定的现实意义。     

有关二战中废除不平等条约问题的再评价--兼论国民政府在废约问题上的作用

国民政府在废除不平等条约中发挥了一定的作用。废约之所以取得了一定的成功,虽然是中国人民长期抗争的结果,但政府的外交行为是实现不平等条约废除的不可缺少的环节。因此,在评价国民政府的外交努力时,不应从其政权性质出发,而应从史实出发;也不应只着眼于废约中所遗留的问题,而应明白外交上全瓿的可能是极少的。对国民政府在废约上的作用只能从它是出卖了中国的权益,还是收回了权益这一角度来评价。     

论英国在新中国联合国席位问题上的政策（1949～1951年）

英国宣布承认新中国之后,以帮助新中国进入联合国作为推动两国外交关系的突破口,并试图影响美国的态度。执政党的民主社会主义理念、对于中国革命与前途的认知及对美国对华政策的负面印象使英国政府力图奉行独立的对华政策。随着冷战的升级,朝鲜战争的爆发,联合国席位问题复杂化。美国日益强硬的态度及英国在西欧防务问题上对美国的依赖,使英国违心屈服于美国的压力,但在某种程度上英国仍是打破冷战阵营的潜在力量之一。     

The Later Jefferson and the Problem of Natural Rights

Abstract

The late Jefferson presents a puzzle to scholars. In his last years the author of the Declaration of Independence strongly opposed the Missouri Compromise and set important precedents for the political strategy of the antebellum South. This essay argues that these problematic aspects of Jefferson's career are more closely linked to his natural rights doctrine than is generally recognized and extend tendencies already present in Jefferson's draft of the Declaration. Unlike previous scholars who explain Jefferson's problematic politics by his racism or the inherent selfishness of Lockean natural right, I argue that the core flaw in Jefferson's natural rights doctrine is the encouragement it gives to self-righteousness. Because he responded to the problem of slavery in a spirit of angry self-defense, Jefferson's understanding of natural rights blinded him to the ways in which his actions strengthened slavery and undermined his own most cherished political achievements.     

Technology,Free Labor,and Slavery: Lincoln on Discovery and Invention

Abstract

Abraham Lincoln presented a lecture in 1858–1859 on the process of “Discoveries and Invention.” In this lecture he discusses man's desire to improve his condition and the use of technology to that end. The process of discovery and invention allows man to develop that technology and alleviate his state. Education, especially literacy, allows knowledge to be passed down through time, facilitating yet further improvement. Yet, Lincoln warns that human nature can also become raw material, as seen in the institution of slavery. In light of Lincoln's more commonly known natural rights argument against slavery, this warning about human nature takes on greater significance. Coupled with an address on agriculture from 1859, Lincoln's lecture on discovery and invention attempts to illustrate the liberating power of invention and education while reminding us of the limits posed by man's natural equality.     

试析1860～1861年美国南部蓄奴州脱离联邦运动的社会基础

南部蓄奴州脱离联邦运动是美国内战前夕的重要历史事件。在南部蓄奴州脱离联邦的过程中,白人奴隶主是决定性的社会力量。非奴隶主白人在脱离联邦问题上则表现出地区性差异：在奴隶制不发达地区,非奴隶主白人的多数反对脱离联邦;在奴隶制发达地区,非奴隶主白人的多数则接受了脱离联邦的选择。造成这种地区性差异的原因,在于非奴隶主白人民众并不作为一个自为的阶级而行动,因此,在奴隶制发达地区,他们在政治上只能顺从奴隶主的领导,而在奴隶制不发达地区,他们就可以完全根据自己的意愿行事。     

论中国古代离婚的法律效力

离婚问题在中国古代历朝婚姻制度中都是无法回避的话题。从身份权、子女的抚养权、财产所有权以及再婚等四个方面考量中国古代离婚产生的相关法律效力,可见离婚制度虽历经千百年的发展,但始终保持着内在的连续性和统一性。同时,也可看出在中国古代离婚并不仅仅是个人生活方式的选择,而是会直接影响到社会伦理道德的根基和国家政权的稳定,因此各朝统治者都通过法律规制以期把离婚带来的负面影响最小化,从而服务于国家长治久安的统治目的。     

美国内战前种植园奴隶主与黑人奴隶的关系

压迫与反抗无疑是奴隶制的重要特征。然而,美国黑人奴隶制之所以能够维系二百余年,其重要原因在于奴隶主和奴隶都在不断地调整彼此相处的策略。所以,美国内战前南部种植园中奴隶主与奴隶之间形成了一种既相互对立又相互妥协的关系。     

A Note on the Use and Misuse of the Racial Diversity Index

This note concerns the use of the Blau index of racial and ethnic diversity in the social sciences and in policy analysis. The diversity index, by design, captures the heterogeneity of the population group being studied, typically according to the racial and ethnic categories of the U.S. Census but does not account for the relative size of specific racial groups. Thus, with the most commonly used diversity index, the implicit assumption is that for the purposes of the analysis a population that is 80 percent white and 20 percent Asian is identical to a population that is 80 percent black and 20 percent Hispanic. Examples are given from studies of voting behavior, organizational performance, and the provision of public goods and services to show that the diversity index is often used in ways that are inappropriate given the context of the study.     

论不当得利请求权与其它民事请求权的竞合

不当得利请求权是债权请求权的重要组成部分。然而,这种请求权在我国的司法实践中却极少应用。为充分发挥不当得利请求权的功能,需理清不当得利请求权与物权请求权、合同请求权、无因管理请求权、侵权损害赔偿请求权的竞合关系。     

清代地权交易形式的多样化发展

There were three kinds of financial transactions involving rights of land during the Qing Dynasty: debt financing through rights of land, the direct transferring of the rights of land, and the transaction of shares. This article attempts to clarify the confusion between several types of debt financing through rights of land. Ya 押 was loan through land as guaranty and repaying the interest and capital by the rent of land or harvest. Dian 典 was loan through temporary transferring of usage rights and harvest in a certain period of time. Dang 当 referred to various types of loans which involved the rights of land. Di 抵 meant using a certain portion of land right as repayment of debt. Similar with modern financial methods, these financial transactions in the Qing Dynasty allowed peasants to preserve their possessive rights over the land and also satisfied their financial needs. The direct transactions of rights of land and repayment of debt by harvest included juemai 绝卖 (finalized sale of land), huomai 活卖 (not finalized sale of land), dianquan dingtui 佃权顶退 (sell or purchase tenancy), zhaojia 找价 (price add-on after transaction), and huishu 回赎 (redemption). The main purpose of these transactions was to protect the land proprietors as far as possible. Share transaction and co-tenancy of land also appeared in the Qing Dynasty. Such diverse financial transactions not only were substitutes of modern financing tools which allowed peasants to weather financial hardship, but also promoted the changing ownership of land which further encouraged the combination of different production elements and reallocation of resources in the land market. This paper is the research result of the National Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project “Market of land rights and the evolution of its system, 1650–1950.”