Pathways to Homelessness: a Comparison of Gender and Schizophrenia in Inner-Sydney

The study compares residential ‘pathways’ into homelessness of a sample of 50 homeless people in inner city Sydney, in an attempt to see whether gender difference or schizophrenia is more important in the determination of mobility patterns leading in and out of homelessness. Three structural processes contributing to the present pattern of homelessness in inner Sydney are identified, providing the context for observed differences in residential histories leading to inner city homelessness. A hypothesis of the study is that women would be likely to experience different factors in the pathway to homelessness such as child raising or partnerships that may influence their residential history. However, after the breakdown of marriage, partnerships appear to play a minor role in the residential mobility of both schizophrenic women and men.     

School Vouchers and Student Attainment: Evidence from a State‐Mandated Study of Milwaukee's Parental Choice Program

In this article we examine educational attainment levels for students in Milwaukee's citywide voucher program and a comparable group of public school students. Using unique data collected as part of a state‐mandated evaluation of the program, we consider high school graduation and enrollment in postsecondary institutions for students initially exposed to voucher schools and those in public schools at the same time. We show that exposure to voucher schools was related to graduation and, in particular, to enrollment and persistence in a 4‐year college. These differences are apparent despite controls for student neighborhoods, demographics, early‐career test scores and—for a subsample of survey respondents—controls for parental education, income, religious behavior, and marital status. We conclude by stressing the implications for future scholarship and policy, including the importance of attainment outcomes in educational research.     

华侨华人相关概念的界定与辨析

论文根据《中华人民共和国归侨侨眷权益保护法》的相关法律规定以及国务院侨办的政策解释,对华侨、外籍华人、归侨、侨眷等法律概念,以及国际移民、华裔等非法律概念进行了初步界定,并简单分析了目前这些概念混淆、不规范使用的原因。有关华侨、华人的相关概念不只是术语而已,概念的不同意味着内涵的本质差异。概念的混淆使用不是小事,它会引发公众对政府侨务政策的误读,不利于正确的政策的宣传落实,不利于华侨华人在当地的长期生存和发展,不利于中外友好。因此,政府部门、新闻媒体以及学术界应该普遍重视这一现象,并且共同探讨纠正这种现象的可行办法。就政府层面而言,要加强对相关政策法规的宣传,让新闻媒体、社会各界更好地全面了解、掌握相关政策法规,减少不必要的错读和误解;就新闻媒体而言,报道中对有关概念的使用要严谨、慎重,避免随意性;而学界则更应该正确使用相关概念,根据不同研究对象多做分层研究、个案研究。     

Homelessness,poverty, and risks to health: beyond at risk categorizations of street children1

Homeless and street children are commonly portrayed in the academic and welfare literature as a prime category of ‘children at risk’. They have attracted world‐wide attention due to rising numbers in cities of the Western and developing world coupled with a discourse of childhood that ascribes risk to poor urban children unaccompanied by adults on the streets. This paper presents a critique of views about homeless and street children that rest upon an unhelpful blanket generalization of risk and, more specifically, that adopt polemical or categorical statements about homelessness as the most salient risk factor for poor health. Current research is distancing itself from a discourse that sets global characteristics for a ‘street lifestyle’, aiming instead to contextualize research on street children. Many studies have also questioned the stereotypical expectation that homeless children are the most vulnerable in deprived environments, arguing that poverty, not homelessness per se, carries the most significant risks to children's health. A risk discourse is unhelpful where it promotes a stereotype of vulnerability about children, resulting in further discrimination and social exclusion; it is most helpful when it focuses attention on ways to negotiate adverse situations. Some challenging academic and practical questions need to be raised regarding risk assumptions and risk assessment.     

清代妇女嫁妆支配权的考察

嫁妆跟随妇女由娘家到婆家,成为她们在新家庭中的“私产”。清代,大多数妇女拥有对自己嫁妆的独立占有权和支配权,并利用嫁妆为家庭、家族乃至社会作出贡献。妇女在支配嫁妆的同时,逐步加大其对家庭事务的影响,赢得家庭和家族成员的尊重,确立起她们在新家庭或新家族中的地位。     

When Survey Goes East: Field Survey Methodologies and Analytical Frameworks in a Central Asian Context

This paper investigates the applicability and transferability of conventional frameworks of archaeological survey in the context of marginal alluvial environments, particularly the unique inland deltas of Central Asia. These dynamic and visually obstructed landscapes pose unique challenges not only to survey methodologies but also to theory and interpretation. Here, an exploratory approach to data analysis is used that applies three distinct yet integrated methodologies: visibility analysis, multi-scalar spatial analysis and directional (anisotropic) statistics. This approach thereby moves beyond many of the existing conceptual constraints about how we understand surface distributions in arid alluvial landscapes and ultimately identifies both transferable analytical methods and new fieldwork agendas that are relevant to a wide range of survey projects.     

文物建筑材质的研究与保存

古建筑建造中不少传统材料具有科学性与实用性,同时也有局限性,应探讨新材料如何与传统材料相结合。     

论休谟的共和思想及其意义

休谟生活在一个天生自由又充满悖论的拥有独特传统的君主制国家,正是在这样的国家同时凝聚着丰富和深邃的共和思想。休谟的共和思想,不仅涉及到英国共和主义思想的历史根源和伟大传统,以及其如何以具体的存在方式影响英国政治的历史进程,而且影响到现代民族国家的演进和当代世界政治的发展,因此休谟的共和思想具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。     

Computational Reproducibility in Archaeological Research: Basic Principles and a Case Study of Their Implementation

The use of computers and complex software is pervasive in archaeology, yet their role in the analytical pipeline is rarely exposed for other researchers to inspect or reuse. This limits the progress of archaeology because researchers cannot easily reproduce each other’s work to verify or extend it. Four general principles of reproducible research that have emerged in other fields are presented. An archaeological case study is described that shows how each principle can be implemented using freely available software. The costs and benefits of implementing reproducible research are assessed. The primary benefit, of sharing data in particular, is increased impact via an increased number of citations. The primary cost is the additional time required to enhance reproducibility, although the exact amount is difficult to quantify.     

Methodologies for assessment of the state of preservation of pollen and plant macrofossil remains in waterlogged deposits

Abstract

Methodologies are proposed for assessing the state of preservation of pollen and plant macrofossil remains based on the investigation of known prehistoric waterlogged sites in the Somerset Levels, under threat from peat extraction and peat wastage. For each sample assessed, a fixed number of pollen grains and macrofossil seeds was classified according to deterioration type and scored for intensity of deterioration. The principal deterioration types recognised for pollen were biochemical (corrosion and degradation) and mechanical (breakage and crumpling). For seeds two main categories of deterioration were adopted, fragmentation and erosion/corrosion of the seed testa. The calculation of preservation indices for pollen and macrofossils allowed comparisons to be made within and between sites. A range of factors which may have influenced variations in preservation are briefly discussed. These methodologies are potentially valuable where there is a need to assess the survival of the archaeobotanical record, particularly where sites are sensitive to environmental change.     

商代马车及其相关问题研究

殷墟发掘以来 ,曾多次发现商代车马坑。但在解放前 ,因受当时发掘条件所限 ,都未能将坑中的木质车子的遗迹清理出来。19 5 0年在河南辉县琉璃阁战国墓地 ,夏鼐先生带领数名技工 ,通过精心操作 ,剥剔出十几辆已朽为尘土的木车遗迹。后来 ,随着发掘经验的积累和发掘技术的提高 ,新中国考古工作者先后在大司空村、孝民屯南地、白家坟西地、郭家庄西南、刘家庄北地、梅园庄东南等处的商代车马坑的发掘中 ,经过精心细致剥剔清理 ,将数十辆殷代车子发掘出来 ,为复原商代车子提供了可靠的依据 ,也为研究商代车制及其相关问题提供了珍贵的科学资料。…     

浅谈年鉴的基本属性及其应用

年鉴具有年度性、连续性、资料性和工具性这四个基本属性。要克服年度性带来的缺陷,年鉴就必须注重连续性;检索性(或易检性)只是工具书的特点之一,年鉴作为工具书的属性应当表述为工具性;对年鉴基本属性的理解,还要掌握四个属性之间的关联性,而不是独立地理解每个属性。正确运用对年鉴基本属性的理解,可以解决一些存在争论的观点,明确年鉴的定位,促进我国年鉴事业的科学发展。     

明末清初时事小说考订

本文对明末清初时事小说的鉴别标准作了辨析,对每部作品的作者、成书时间、所写事件结束时间及两者之间的时间差作了考订,以期能更准确地反映时事小说的面貌。     

察同察异求规律:比较史学的追求

最早倡导比较史学的社会哲学家孔德和密尔以及被誉为比较史学名家的马克·布洛赫都认为,比较史学的功用在于察同察异求规律。然而,由于他们都未能找到决定历史进程的“首要因素”或“普遍原因”,终究未能实现探求规律的抱负。只有马克思主义历史唯物主义,才提供了实现这一抱负的根本途径。     

"We Know What the Problem Is": Using Oral History to Develop a Collaborative Analysis of Homelessness from the Bottom Up

Using audio, video, and radio interviews, the Cleveland HomelessOral History Project (CHOHP) has sought to foster the developmentof a collaborative analysis of homelessness from the bottomup. Designed to overcome problems with traditional academicresearch on homelessness, CHOHP explicitly seeks to share researchwith those living on the streets and in the shelters in Cleveland,Ohio and involve homeless people in the process of analysis.Rather than focusing on the personal pathologies of the homeless,the analysis that emerges from CHOHP suggests that trends indowntown and neighborhood real estate development, the criminalizationof the poor, the growth of the temporary labor industry, andthe retrenchment of the welfare system have led to the emergenceof powerful interests invested in perpetuating homelessness. Beyond analyzing these trends, CHOHP's formal research settinghas emboldened homeless people to act and become agents forsocial change.     

马来西亚民间华文历史文献的类别及其对方志研究的作用*A

论文根据田野调查的经验,分析了马来西亚民间华文历史文献的类别,并从组织序列、历史序列两方面,探讨了马来西亚乡土历史的书写内容和方法,归纳其对方志研究的作用。马来西亚的史学乃至华人研究,除了少数几位民间文史工作者,一般皆以传统文献切入,学者下乡采集文献资料较少,故此民间华文历史文献的采集和研究工作可谓大有可为。除地方文化研究必须依托民间文献方克有成外,华人民俗文化的研究依赖民间文献之处更为显著。这两个领域恰好正是殖民政府和现今的国家机器较少涉入,乃至不闻不问、任其自行发展的地带。近一二十年随着国家经济发展,迅猛的城市化,无所不在的西化,许多地方特色在发展洪流中消失。因此,马来西亚的民间华文历史文献采集和研究有待进一步深入。     

老吾之老:明代官吏养亲问题探论

明代继承历史上官吏任职的地域回避制度,绝大多数官吏为官之地都远离家乡,由此造成"为官"和"养亲"之间的难以兼顾.在"以孝致忠"的政治文化背景下,二者之间的两难必须予以解决.移亲就养、分俸养亲和辞官终养三种措施就是明代官吏解决养亲问题的主要办法.     

Examining dispersal mechanisms for the translocation of chicken (Gallus gallus) from Polynesia to South America

DNA sequencing and radiocarbon dates from the archaeological site of El Arenal-1 (Arauco Peninsula, south central Chile) suggest that Polynesians may have introduced chicken (Gallus gallus) to South America prehistorically (A.D. 1300–1420). The Chilean specimen identified has the exact same amplified mtDNA pattern as samples recovered from archaeological sites in Samoa and Tonga, but is only one base different from prehistoric chicken samples from Tonga (n = 1), Niue (n = 1), Easter Island (n = 1 of 6), and Hawai'i (n = 1). To examine the possible dispersal mechanisms of chicken between Polynesian islands and the Americas, we conducted computer simulations of seafaring from these six island groups and the Tuamotus, as well as return voyages. Simulation results from sailed vessels suggest that in certain months, landfall on the Pacific Coast of South America from Samoa and Tonga was fairly successful at around 40% (particularly in March for the former and January/February for the latter). For Niue, sailed vessels were 21% successful in January with only 2% success in December. Sailed vessels from the Tuamotus (a proxy for closer island groups to the west with evidence for chicken such as the Cook Islands) were successful in January and December, with 15% and 23% of the vessels making landfall in South America. Vessels sailing from all simulations heading east from Easter Island resulted in landfall. Hawai'i had only a 1% success rate if sailing in January, but high numbers of vessels reached southern Mexico and Central America in August and September. Most landfalls occurred much farther north than Chile, in Ecuador and Peru. Unsuccessful voyages from all of the islands other than Easter Island and Hawai'i often made landfall on islands to the east. Return voyages from Chile were not possible or extremely rare during most times of the year. Overall, seafaring simulations suggest that Polynesians may not have initially landed in close proximity to El Arenal-1—contemporaneous or even earlier archaeological evidence of translocated chicken remains may indeed be found further north. In addition, if Polynesians found it difficult or impossible to return to their homeland, the possibility exists that co-mingling between Polynesians and South American groups resulted in offspring that carried an admixture of genetic traits.