明清瓷器款识浅说

所谓瓷器款识是指刻划或书写在一件器物的身部或底部,用以表明器物的时代、用途及工匠姓名的文字,亦称铭文。制瓷业很早就采用这种做法。清·许之衡《饮流斋说     

有关临安钱宽墓出土“官”、“新官”款白瓷问题

建国以来,在辽宁、河北、湖南以及内蒙古自治区的五代、北宋和辽代墓葬或塔内出土的文物中,陶瓷器占有一定比例,其中包括若干带"官"、"新官"铭文的白釉瓷器。河北曲阳定窑窑址也发现过"官"款白瓷一片。综观各地出土带"官"、"新官"铭文的瓷器,联系国内外博物馆收藏的同类器物,可以看到,它们绝大多数都是白瓷,以碗最多,此外有洗、盘、瓶、罐等器;铭文都刻在器物的底部,全部是阴文,字体大体雷同,多数比较秀丽,少数显得草率;制作工艺多数比较成熟,胎釉细洁,浮雕和划花纹饰都具有一定水平。青瓷带"官"字者只出土过一件瓷瓶,铭文不刻在器底而刻在瓶的肩部,属五代越窑产品。 1956年赤峰辽驸马墓出土的四件带"官"     

如何通过款识鉴定古陶瓷(上)——元以前部分

正所谓瓷器款识是指刻划或书写在一件器物的器身或底部,用以表现器物的年代、用途及工匠姓名的文字,亦称铭文。制瓷业很早就采用了这种做法,瓷器上的铭文也是鉴定古陶瓷年代的主要依据之一。自改革开放以来,随着文物收藏热的兴起,仿古瓷大量的出现,仿品上的伪款也就自然而然地出现,常使人们误入穀中。因此需要广大收藏爱好者对古陶瓷款识应有一个基本的了解,以便更好地掌握古陶瓷的鉴定本领。     

湖北随州市叶家山西周墓地

在叶家山西周墓地共发现墓葬65座和马坑1座。出土铜器、陶器、原始瓷器和玉器等遗物700余件套,其中部分铜器上有"曾"、"侯"、"曾侯"和"曾侯谏"等铭文。据器物形制和铜器铭文,该墓地是西周早期曾侯的家族墓地。这对研究汉东西周早期曾鄂、曾楚关系具有重要的学术价值。     

江苏淮安如意里唐井发掘简报

2009年4月,楚州博物馆在淮安如意里小区抢救性发掘了一口唐代砖井(编号J1),共出土可复原器物63件,包括大量瓷器、带"汲"字铭文的铜壶以及刀、钩、矛等铁质兵器。该井结构奇特,腹径巨大,在淮安地区尚属首次发现。     

沈阳新民辽滨塔塔宫清理简报

1993年7月,辽宁省沈阳市文物考古工作队配合沈阳新民辽代滨塔抢救维修工程,对塔中有关佛教文物进行了清理。清理中发现塔身由下至上有三处瘗藏佛舍利等器物的塔宫,分别为下宫、中宫和天宫。共发现舍利子和金银器、铜器、瓷器、丝织品、珍珠制品、砖雕、石碑等器物108件(组)。天宫发现的一件石碑铭文有辽天统十年(1110年)和天庆四年(1114年)纪年。     

浅谈青铜器铭文的装饰功能

商周青铜器的铭文具有重要的书史性质,从青铜器装饰艺术的组成元素看,它也是青铜器装饰艺术的重要组成部分,具有重要的装饰功能。而青铜器铭文的这种装饰功能,也有连续的发展过程:其滥觞于史前的刻画符号,在商、西周时期得到初步的发展,到东周时期达于繁盛,东周以后逐渐装饰于玉器、铜镜、瓷器等其它器物上,成为我国古代装饰艺术的一道独特风景。     

宋瓷铭文中的佛教世俗化倾向

本文通过对宋代瓷器铭文中有关佛教内容的分析,结合佛教在中国流传的历史过程,阐述宋代佛教的世俗化倾向。尽管目前所知的与佛教有关的宋代瓷器铭文资料十分有限,难以全面解答佛教在中国的世俗化问题,但铭文中的内容却无可非议地昭示着佛教进入普通平民的生活后,那种大众化、实用化、民俗化的特征。     

黔墨铭文汉韵——器物上的贵州书法

正在贵州发现的元代及元代之前的铭文器物——金属器、陶器、漆器,为数不多,现存器物铭文较少,且多集中出现在汉墓里。这些带文字的器物不一定都产自贵州,器物上面的字未必都是当时生活在贵州土地上的人     

黔墨铭文汉韵——器物上的贵州书法简

在贵州发现的元代及元代之前的铭文器物——金属器、陶器、漆器,为数不多,现存器物铭文较少,且多集中出现在汉盛里。这些带文字的器物不一定都产自贵州,器物上面的字未必都是当时生活在贵州土地上的人们所书写,但是,无论它们产自本土,抑或由外地流入,毕竟让我们零星地了解到贵州历史上一些时期所存的书法状态。综观这些贵州考古发现的器物铭文,     

Human remains in marine archaeology

Abstract

This paper deals with human remains in marine contexts, both from the intertidal zone and from below low water mark. Some of the legal and ethical aspects pertaining to human remains are discussed, with an emphasis on the English experience. Survival of human remains in marine environments is considered, and recovery procedures in fieldwork projects are discussed. Finally, drawing upon work from Britain and from other parts of Europe, particularly on remains from wreck sites, attempts are made to discern some of the more important directions for research on human remains from marine archaeological contexts.     

Single carcass of Mammuthus primigenius with lithic artifacts in the Upper Pleistocene of northern Italy

This paper presents the find of a Mammuthus primigenius carcass and associated Mousterian implements from the Last Glacial site of Asolo, in north-eastern Italy. We review the exploitation of proboscidean carcasses at Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites of Africa, Europe and the Levant, including evidence of elephant killing, and summarize recent research on hafting and use of Mousterian points as spearheads already before the end of the Middle Pleistocene. The bones and implements from Asolo are described in detail; we provide information on other Italian sites with mammoth remains and on the Mousterian record of the north-eastern quadrant of the peninsula. A possible impact fracture has been detected on a Levallois point from Asolo; its interpretation is based on comparisons to similar scars found on spear points of verified function from archaeological sites of later age, and on experimental material. We conclude that the evidence of Asolo is consistent with information from a number of Western European sites supporting a picture of Neanderthals as capable hunters of large game, such as woolly mammoth.     

博物馆文物的防震保护研究（一）——传统抗震措施与现代隔震技术

通过对博物馆内物浮放物体的地震危害性分析,指出了物防震的一些主要问题。归纳总结了馆藏物的传统抗震措施。阐述了现代隔震技术的发展、研究现状以及隔震装置在物防震工作中的应用情况。同时给出了博物馆物防震保护的设计方案。     

新中国农村基层政权初创时期的历史考察

1949～1957年,新中国农村基层政权的建设经历了四个阶段:1949～1950年,在新解放区进行了以废除保甲制为中心的接管建政;1950～1953年,以土地改革为中心进行群众建政; 1953～1954年,以普选为中心进行民主建政;1954～1957年,在农业合作化运动中实现了农村基层政权的调整与发展。经过这几个阶段,新中国的农村基层政权逐步建立起来。其中蕴含的历史启示是:农村基层政权建设的基石是中国农村社会的现代化转型;农村基层政权建设的核心是农村基层民主的发展;农村基层政权建设的关键是加强中国共产党执政能力建设。     

A dental study comparing age estimations of the human remains from the Swedish warship Vasa

The great Swedish warship Vasa capsized and sank in Stockholm harbour on her maiden voyage in 1628. The ship was raised from the seabed in 1961 and skeletal remains were recovered from at least 25 individuals, with teeth and jaws from 17 of them. The skeletal material was odontologically examined, including dental radiographs. Teeth lost both ante‐mortem and post‐mortem were recorded and variations in tooth anatomy noted. Acquired changes were recorded including enamel hypoplasia, attrition, dental caries and periodontal recession. Age estimations based on a separate odontological study, osteological changes and tooth attrition had been made in 1989. Ages were estimated additionally by three non‐destructive dental methods based on (a) the length of the apical translucent zone, (b) selected measurements both on intact teeth and from ratios on dental radiographs and (c) ratios of the length and width measurements on dental radiographs from selected teeth. Several sources of post‐mortem changes had been observed, among them vivianite in 33 teeth from four individuals. The results of the dental examination showed that few teeth had been lost ante‐mortem, there was a low caries rate and little loss of periodontal attachments. With few exceptions, there is fairly good agreement between the different methods of estimating age. Age estimates based on dental attrition were, however, significantly different from the other dental methods and age estimates calculated from apical translucency ought to be regarded with scepticism due to post‐mortem changes. The chronological ages of the victims will never be known, but age estimates based on all the age‐markers available will probably reach a fairly close approximation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

South African micromammals and predators: some comparative results

This paper presents the results of a taphonomic, comparative study on some South African species of small carnivores, and the effects they have on micromammalian prey skeletons in terms of breakage patterns, body part representation and etching from digestion. The results from a study of modern serval scats suggest that the taphonomic pattern found on prey remains from this felid may share more in common with some of the owls, diurnal birds of prey and other small carnivores than previously realized.     

A Comparative Study on the Compressive Strength of Bricks from Different Historical Periods

The aim of this article is to present the results of compressive strength tests for bricks from different historical periods. The studies were conducted on hand-molded and mechanically formed bricks. The bricks that were used for the studies came from historical structures from the center of the royal city of Crakow. Compressive strength was determined on rectangular prisms and on cylinders cut out from bricks in various directions—anisotropy and shape effects were then analyzed.

?The basic aim of the conducted studies was to estimate the possibility of carrying out the strength tests on relatively small samples and re-calculating these results on normalized brick strength determined according to EN772–1. Based on the tests results, a range of correlation coefficient values for cylinder samples with diameters of 30 mm and 50 mm was given. It was indicated that for the tested historical bricks characterized by significant material non-homogeneity within the element and sensitivity to damages while cutting out the samples, correlation coefficients are higher than for bricks used contemporarily.

?The results of these studies are presented alongside the findings from existing studies on the compressive strength of bricks.     

京郊四村80年:乡民社会的历史图景与现实处境

20世纪20年代李景汉调查的京郊四村长期以来一直得到学术界的关注,2006～2008年,我们又对京郊四村进行了田野调查和文献研究,目的意在秉承前辈学者的研究理路,以村民的收入和消费为主线,呈现其从乡土社会到城市街区的转换历程,以及失地农民在适应城市生活中所面临的诸多问题。作为城乡关系的"连接点",大城市边缘村落既是乡土社会转型的前沿地带,也是都市化引发社会矛盾和冲突的焦点。因此,对京郊四村的再研究,不仅续写了村庄的历史,更突显了认识和记录中国社会变迁的价值所在。     

ALPHA-RECOIL TRACKS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMIC DATING

Among the manifestations of radioactive decay which can be etched to optical visibility on the surface of mica are tracks from nuclei recoiling from alpha emission, called ‘alpha-recoil tracks’. If, beforeetching, the mica is heated to temperatures of the order of 600°C, all evidence of these tracks is annealed from muscovite mica in a few minutes. Alpha activity observed on mica from pot sherds, from stones surrounding fire places, from fire pits, and fired daub may constitute an alpha-recoil track clock which started at the moment of the last firing of the artifacts.     

Germans from Russia in Saskatchewan: An Oral History

The Germans from Russia are a prominent settlement group in the rural landscape of Saskatchewan. Perhaps because they came incrementally, by chain migration, rather than by organized group colonization, they compose an ethnic group little noticed by historians. Also, their immediate origins are divided, inasmuch as earlier German-Russian immigrants came directly from Russia, whereas many twentieth-century German-Russian immigrants came to Canada from the United States, mainly from North Dakota and South Dakota. This article offers the first focused, scholarly historical treatment of German-Russian immigration and life in Saskatchewan. Drawing on oral histories collected with the support of the Faculty Research Program of the Canadian Embassy, it focuses particularly on growing up German-Russian on the prairies, positing a German-Russian ethnic identity distinct both from neighbor immigrant groups in Saskatchewan and from origin communities in the United States.