再论西姆拉会议

Early in the period of the Republic of China, in August 1913, the Government of the Republic of China headed by Yuan Shikai sent a delegation to participate in tripartite talks in British India between China, Britain and Tibet. This was under pressure from the British Government and the aim was to “solve” the socalled Tibetan issue. Being held in Simla, the conference was remembered by history as the Simla Conference. After long-drawn-out negotiations, no agreement was reached. The conference ended in failure the following July。     

Tibetans＇ Fight Against British Invasion

Late in the 19th century, the Qing Central Governmentwas in a state of permanent decline, and its control oversome southwestern and northwestern areas suffered accordingly,making possible British and Russian incursions. In order to expand its sphereof influence and occupy all of Tibet,Britain clandestinely sent nominal preachers, tourists and explorers to explore for minerals in Tibet. Later,they managed to encroach on some of the adjacent countries of Tibet including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, paving the way for invading Tibet.     

Chen,Li.Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes: Sovereignty,Justice and Transcultural Politics

Inspired by comments released in the British press following the 2009 execution in China of a British citizen,Chinese Law in Impenal Eyes seeks to understand the roots of the dominant Western interpretation of Chinese law,one that in part still echoes the comments expressed over the case of the ship the Lady Hughesin 1784.Focusing on several pivotal moments in the Sino-Western encounter (mainly between Britain and China) between 1740 and 1840,the author depicts the ways in which the image of Chinese law was created and shaped,and how it acquired such lasting power.     

NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE INCANTATION OF MAQL SERIES

There has recently been a marked revival of interest in what many generations of Assyriologists called 憁agic?and 憌itchcraft literature?a revival in which the names of T. Abush1 (1974, 1986), G. Cunningham2 (1998), M. Geller3 (1985), A. Livingstone4 (1…     

DISAPPEARING OF GREEKS＇ LEGEND IN NORTH EAST OF IRAN

The Greeks legends, which appeared on the Parthian coins, seem to be meaningless and consider as one of the ambiguities in the history of Parthian dynasty. From the beginning of first century AD, the Greeks legend appeared on Parthian Coins are vague and only seem to be symbolic. By the invasion of Sakas to the north of Iran which led to extinction of the governing of the Greeks in Bactria and pushed them back to the north India, Romans finally succeeded to add the Seleucid as a part of their territory, and left the traders in Selucia and Babylonia in the west and Margiana and Bactria on the east under domination of locals rather than the Greeks. In this article we are to investigate of decline of Greeks in Bactria and its relation to meaningless Greek legends on Parthian coins.     

A COLLECTIVE APPROACH TO PRODUCTION LIFTS THE ECONOM＂ OF A SMALL VILLAGE IN NORTH TIBET

An improved income for a tiny village in a sparsely populated area of Northern Tibet, where about 90 households are living, is the result of taking a collective approach to production over a number of years. The people of the village are living in spacious and comfortable houses where they can access both radio and television programs.     

STAYING TRUE TO THE CAUSE AND GATHERING THE POWER OF LOVE——A RECORD OF THE ONE HEART PROJECT AFTER THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

正May 12,2008,is a day that surely lives on in infamy in the minds of many.The story of the Wenchuan earthquake,however,did not end when the rumbling stopped.People from all walks of life and all over China came together as one,doing everything necessary to provide assistance and rebuild the county from the rubble.At that time,Wenchuan was the epicenter of not only an earthquake,but also of the Chinese heart,and like a seed     

NEW VILLAGE OF DENG PEOPLE

Garyo in Zayu, Nyingchi, is where people of the Deng ethnic group live. Since 1960, when they moved down the mountain, they have been engaged in farming. Under feudal serfdom, they resorted to slash-and-burn cultivation, eking out a precarious existence. This lasted until 1959, when they joined Tibetan serfs and slaves to win emancipation and became masters of their own fate. In 1960, and thereafter, the local people's government built houses in Zayu, …     

THE “DREAMWORK” OF TIBETAN CHILDREN

<正>Editor's Note:In the1980s,the State Council made a strategic decision to set up Tibetan classes and schools in the mainland to solve Tibet's serious shortage in talent,not to mention its poorer educational basis.In September of 1985,the first group of Tibetan elementary school graduates,mainly of Tibetan nationality,went to study in the mainland,setting     

MINISTER ON BUIL DING OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET RAILWAY——AN INTERVIEW WITH RAILWAY VICE-MINISTER SUN YONGFU

Editor＇s Note：Sun Yongfu is now vice-minister of railways. In 1962, when he graduated from the Department of Bridges and Tunnels of the Changsha Railway Institute of Hunan Province, he was assigned to work in the Zhengzhou Railway Bureau. In a survey of the bearing capacity of railway bridges, he examined bridges one by one from Zhengzhou in Henan Province to Wuhan in Hubei Province. On this basis, he produced the studies that made him famous and led to his promotion as one of the senior technical personnel. In the ensuing years, he participated in construction of a number of railways, including the Sichuan-Guizhou, Guizhou- Kunming, Chengdu-Kunming and Hunan-Guizhou lines. He also participated in the China-aided construction of the railway between Tanzania and Zambia. In 1984, Sun was promoted to be vice-minister of railways and was put in charge of national planning and construction. He presided over the construction of some 10,000 km of trunk line, including the Beijing-Kowloon, Datong-Qinhuangdao, Nanning-Kunming and Hengyang-Guangzhou railways. In early 2001, Premier Zhu Rongji proposed Sun to be the deputy head of the leading group for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, taking charge of the routine work. In the document Premier Zhu signed, Sun was allowed to enjoy treatment due to a minister （instead of a vice-minister）. On June 29, 2001, when the inauguration ceremony for construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was held in Lhasa,     

SUMMARY OF ARTICLES

The Idea and Cultivation of Civilization in China and Europe;Patriarchal Reconstruction and the Persecution of Female Witches during the Late Middle Age and Early Modern Europe;Myth, Legend and History;The Middle Class and Suburb Expansion in the Modern Britain;The Study on the Styles of Historical Writing of Jonathan D. Spence;Historical Epistemology of Engels： the World Outlook, Epistemology, Methodology and Knowledge Theory;[第一段]     

INTRODUCTION OF THE K■LACAKRA MANTRA-TENFOLD POWERFUL ONE

The Four Natural Elements and Their Relation to the Nature of Reality and the Human Potential for Healing and Enlightenment All phenomena are made from the four elements and thus are related in the sense of sharing the same essential nature(e.g,, the four elements),Moreover.all phenomena can be classified in terms of the triad of outer,inner,and alternative things. This principles common to most Tantric systems and is a     

Recollections on Tibet＇s Fight Against British Invasion in Gyangze

A fter the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951,and in conformity with the tready signed on April 29,1954 ontrade and traffic between the two govermments,China revoked all the privileges India had enjoyed in Tibet that were passed on by Britain as the former colonial power,including removing the business offices in Gyangze and Yadong,with drawing armed troops in the two places,and transferring ownership of post offices,telegraph and telephone enterprises and 12 post stations run by India back to China.     

THE ANONYMOUS NASA AND NASA OF THE ANIMAL CENTER DURING SULGI 44-48 AND THE CAMEL （GU-GUR5）, HUNCHBACKED OX （GUR8-GUR8）, UBI,HABUM AND THE CONFUSION OF THE DEER （LULIM） WITH DONKEY （ANSE） OR SEG9

1. The Anonymous Nasa in the Accounts of the Individual Delivery for the Deities before Sulgi 47＇ ii＇ （47 vii）/13
40 years ago, T. Jones and J. Snyder, in their groundbreaking Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Dynasty, 1961, found a mysterious and anonymous predecessor of Nasa, who we know as the general manager or receiving official of the Animal Center of Sulgi in Puzris-Dagan （modem Drehem）, which has been a subject of study for researches of the Ur III Period for many years.     

PHENTOK＇S LIFE OF CLIMBING： THE FIRST WOMAN ON THE SUMMIT OF MT. QOMOLANGMA

On March 31, 2014, Phentok, the first woman mountaineer in the world to reach the summit of Mt. Qomolangma from the north side, passed away because of complications from diabetes, aged 75. From her humble upbringing as a serf to the first Chinese woman on Mt. Qomolangma, she left behind an uplifting life story.     

LUO NIANYI＇S CREATIONS OF TIBETAN SONGS

Luo Nianyi is honoured as ＂the foremost perforer in Chinese-Tibetan song＂ （appraise of Sherab Nyima, a Tibetologist） ＂Comrade Luo Nianyi is a composer beloved by Tibetan people＂ （from the introduetion to the Collection ofLuo Nianyi by Ngabo Ngawang Jigme）.     

News in Brief

正International Scholars Gather in Beijing for Himalaya Research The 2nd International Symposium for Himalayan Region was held in Beijing from Oct 23rd to 24th. Over 50 scholars from China,America, Britain, India, Nepal, Japan, Norway and other countries attended the event. With the theme of"tradition and changes,"the conference discussed topics including the development, the traditional society and culture of the Himalayan region, and the new     

ARROWS,FRIENDSHIP,AND RITES OF PASSAGE

Bows and arrows have existedand been used by widely separated groups of people for thousands of years. Their uses varyfrom hunting and warfare to anOlympic sport.There is divergent opinion about howarchery became popular in Jantsa, located inthe north of Huangnan Tibetan AutonomousPrefecture, Qinghai Province, China. In oneaccount the Tibetan king Langdarma (d 842)helped B?n followers make a resurgence at theexpense of Buddhism. To this end he had manyBuddhists killed and destroyed score…     

THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE——TRAVEILER ACROSS THEROOF OF THE WORLD

<正>We stand on a ridge at 5200m in the Changtang or‘Northern Plain' of the Tibet Autonomous Region.The grey-brown and barren hills around us are alive with thousands of Tibetan antelope or chiru,known also as tsi.