THE ANONYMOUS NASA AND NASA OF THE ANIMAL CENTER DURING ULGI 44-48 AND THE CAMEL (Gú-GUR_5),HUNCHBACKED OX (GUR_8-GUR_8),UBI,HABUM AND THE CONFUSION OF THE DEER (LULIM) WITH DONKEY (ANE) OR EG_9

<正>1.The Anonymous Nasa in the Accounts of the Individual Delivery for the Deities before ulgi 47' ii' (47 vii)/13 40 years ago,T.Jones and J.Snyder,in their groundbreaking Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Dynasty,1961,found a mysterious and anonymous     

OVER THE WATER AND ACROSS THE DESERT – TRANS-SAHARAN CONTACTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN THE 6TH AND 5TH CENTURY BC

After presenting the picture of Africa in Mediterranean minds of antiquity,this paper seeks by ways of a combined interpretation of the periplus of Hanno and Herodotus’logos on the Nasamones to investigate Carthaginian and Greek knowledge about the trans-Saharan routes und contacts of the 6th and 5th century BC.Further comparison with recent archaeological discoveries from the Iron Age in Senegal,the Niger Bend and Lake Chad illustrate that these sites were the destination of travellers from the North and that universal geographical theses concerning the course of the river Nile provided fundamental patterns of explanation and orientation for ancient explorers.Finally,it is considered why any further explorations both of the Inner African hinterland and the western seaway around the African continent were suspended in Antiquity.     

SHEEP, GOATS, PIGS, CALVES AND DUCKS IN THE HOUSE OF THE LADY IN GIRSU （2400 B.C.） —— STUDIES ON OLD SUMERIAN ARCHIVES FROM GIRSU PART 4

In JAC 19, I investigated Lists of Monthly Barley-Wheat Distributions and Allowances （se-gar ziz-gar sa-dug4 itid-da）, with regard to the types and amount of fodder provided to donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the end years of Urukagina. In this paper, I found that from Urukagina Year 5, ii （2^nd month）, the daily fodder for donkeys, and the number of types of donkeys, were greatly reduced. Economic decline occurred in the reign of Urukagina, king of Lagash, from the fifth year on, possibly as a result of political decline. The fact that the archive of the House of The Lady ends in Urukagina＇s seventh year may imply that it is in this year that Lugalzaggesi, king of Umma, captured Lagash and Girsu.     

THE TEXTS FORMERLY OWNED BY ST. PAUL PUBLIC LIBRARY AND PUBLISHED IN SET

In 1961 T. B. Jones and J. W. Snyder published 332 texts from many collections in the United States in their book Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Ur Dynasty, a Catalogue and Discussion of Documents from Various Collections (Minneapolis) (usually     

THE LAUNCHING CEREMONY OF OTHER-EMPTINESS AND THE B UDDHA-MA TRIX：CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF JO-NANG-PA FIGURES,DOCTRINE, ICONOGRAPHY AND HISTORY HELD iN BEiJING

The new book launching ceremony was held in Peking University on June 13th, 2014. Morc than twenty Chinese and forcign scholars attended the ccremoriy. The book was chiefly edited by Prof. Shen Weirong from Renmin Universily of China and published by Peking University Press.     

NAMING THE GREEKS IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD:“PANHELLENES,” “HELLENES,” “HELLAS” AND THE NOTION OF PANHELLENISM

The labels “Hellenes” and “Hellas” are often considered to be collective names for the Greeks and have a close connection with the term “Panhellenes.” This article studies the process of naming the Greeks in the Archaic period and the relationship between these collective names and the notion of Panhellenism. By a literary and etymological examination of the relevant sources, it suggests that the designation “Hellenes” probably did not evolve from that of “Panhellenes” and that the terms “Hellenes” and “Hellas,” but not “Panhellenes,” probably have generic significance in the sixth century. Furthermore, with the Olympic Games and the Hellenion, a Greek sanctuary in Naucratis, as two study cases, the article shows the complexity of the development of Greek identification. On the one hand, collective names like “Hellenes” and “Hellas” have a centripetal force on trans-regional occasions, and on the other, those events also feature competition, privilege and express civic identities of both individual and community, which seems to be divisive.     

THE ANONYMOUS NASA AND NASA OF THE ANIMAL CENTER DURING SULGI 44-48 AND THE CAMEL （GU-GUR5）, HUNCHBACKED OX （GUR8-GUR8）, UBI,HABUM AND THE CONFUSION OF THE DEER （LULIM） WITH DONKEY （ANSE） OR SEG9

1. The Anonymous Nasa in the Accounts of the Individual Delivery for the Deities before Sulgi 47＇ ii＇ （47 vii）/13
40 years ago, T. Jones and J. Snyder, in their groundbreaking Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Dynasty, 1961, found a mysterious and anonymous predecessor of Nasa, who we know as the general manager or receiving official of the Animal Center of Sulgi in Puzris-Dagan （modem Drehem）, which has been a subject of study for researches of the Ur III Period for many years.     

DONKEY FODDERS OF THE HOUSE OF THE LADY AND DECLINE OF URUKAGINA＇S REGIME FROM HIS FIFTH YEAR

In JAC16, I have discussed the development of the House of the Lady in Girsu from the rule of Enentarzi to Lugalanda according to the ration lists of the House,which include the fodder lists, and concluded that Urukagina was the legal successor of Lugalanda and there might not be the so-called “reforms of Urukagina” in Lagash and Girsu. In this article, I would like to continue to investigate the kinds, number and fodders of the donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the end years of Urukagina and tried to find the clues for the decline of Lagash under Uruka~ina.     

TSANGPA VILLAGE——A SNUG AND SILENT PLACE

Just 20 kilometers from Bayi Town,several tall houses were scattered sporadically across a hill. The car turned on to the mountain path and headed towards Tsangpa Village,beset on all sides by the landscape.     

SOVEREIGNTY AND COMMON DEVELOPMENT──Fourth National Conference on Work in Tibet

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council held their Fourth National Conference on Work in Tibet from June 25-27 in Beijing, when the whole nation was celebrating the 50th anniversary of the peaceful liberation of Tibet. The National Conference decided on efforts to achieve economic development and social stability to ensure faster socio-economic growth and a better life in Tibet. A review of the 50-year history shows that the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have, f…     

STAYING TRUE TO THE CAUSE AND GATHERING THE POWER OF LOVE——A RECORD OF THE ONE HEART PROJECT AFTER THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

正May 12,2008,is a day that surely lives on in infamy in the minds of many.The story of the Wenchuan earthquake,however,did not end when the rumbling stopped.People from all walks of life and all over China came together as one,doing everything necessary to provide assistance and rebuild the county from the rubble.At that time,Wenchuan was the epicenter of not only an earthquake,but also of the Chinese heart,and like a seed     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EGYPT AND PALESTINE IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE （CA.2000-1550／1500 BCE.）

The relationship between Egypt and Palestine during the Bronze Age has been discussed since the 1940s. For the period of the Middle Bronze Age, the problem is both chronological and interpretative. The end of the Middle Bronze Age is fixed by the initial military activities of Dynasty 18 in Palestine around the end of the 16th century BCE. But the dates for the beginning of this period and the transition from one archaeological phase to another are still debated. Lacking a generally accepted solution, the chronology adopted here is that of Dever --- the transition from MB Ⅰ to MB Ⅱ occurred around 1800 BCE,     

THE THREE HIGHLAND“MUSKETEERS”——A RECORD OF COACH MEIGUI DORJE AND HIS JAVELIN-THROWING ATHLETES

<正>On China's grand stage of track-and-field sports,a group of Tibetan athletes has recently been seen sprouting up again and again at various events.These athletes,such as Tseyang Shijie from the 2012London Olympics and Tobgyal from the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics,have all performed quite well,     

Goble,Andrew Edmund,Confluences of Medicine in Medieval Japan： Buddhist Healing,Chinese Knowledge,Islamic Formulas,and Wounds of War

This PhD thesis deals with the infamous plundering of the Imperial garden Yuanmingyuan in the wake of the British-French capture expedition of 1860. The approach and the strategies of the British and French actors involved are described from a micro-perspective. In the nineteenth century, plundering took center stage in a number of actions by colonial armies worldwide, as discussed by the author, Ines Eben v. Racknitz.     

LOBSANG NIMA AND HIS“LHONYIMA MURSING HOME”

Lobsang Nima Soghatsang, a Tibetan who lives at the foot of the Alps in Switzerland, has lived overseas for more than 40 years. In the early Spring of 2001, he founded the “Lhonyima Nursing Home“ in Garze of Sichuan Province to adopt orphans, support poor children, and deliver medical care and medicines to villagers in remote areas. For several years, Lobsang Nima has managed to raise millions of Yuan for his cause. At the beginning of 2006, at the age of 65, he came back to China from Switzerland, to su...     

RECONSTRUCTING THE ROYAL FAMILY OF RAMESSES Ⅱ AND ITS HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE

A systematic examination of Ramesses Ⅱ's large family of over 100 children and at least a dozen wives reveals that the Great Royal Wives Nefertari and Isetnofret, along with their children, enjoyed a privileged status within the hierarchical structure of the royal family. Nefertari owed her supreme status to being mother of Ramessse Ⅱ's first born son Amunhirkhopeshef, while Ramesses Ⅱ was still crown prince under Sety I. Isetnofret's sons and daughters were also favored because she gave birth to the second born son Prince Ramesses Jr. Isetnofret herself did not enjoy prominence on the monuments until after the death of Nefertari, nor was she buried in the Valley of the Queens. The remaining offspring of these wives also benefited from the prestige of their mothers and eldest brothers. Other early wives gave birth to the majority of Ramesses Ⅱ's children, but these women are now completely anonymous. Other attested wives of the king include his five daughter-wives and two Hittite Princess-brides. No other Egyptian wives are known for Ramesses Ⅱ. Monumental sources that privilege Queen Nefertari, and the children of both Nefertari and Isetnofret, reveal a hierarchical structure of the royal family.     

PEOPLE IN THE BARKOR STREET：PALBAR,AN OLD MANIN SHARSASUALLEY

According to local custom in Lhasa, people refer to the area around the Jokhang Temple as ＂Barkor Street＂. ＂Lhasa＂ is ＂the Buddha＇s land＂ in Tibetan. In the hearts of Tibetan people, the Jokhang Temple is one of the most holy places because a statue of the twelve-year-old Sakyamuni is enshrined and worshiped there. Every year, the temple attracts many Tibetan Buddhist monks and disciples come from far away and pay homage to the Buddha. As time passed, the area of Barkor Street around the Jokhang Temple has become the busiest district in Lhasa. Eight alleyways extend out from the Barkor Street. Here the old citizens of Lhasa reside, and this is where Lhasa＇s unique economy, national culture, traditional craftsmanship and local Tibetan customs and practices flourish.