Public Housing and Intergovernmental Reform in the 1990s

The problem identified in this paper is twofold. One is the plight of public housing at the end of the decade, with State programs undermined by Commonwealth funding cuts; the other is the problem of intergovernmental reform and its consequences for discrete areas of policy such as housing. The paper traces developments in CommonwealthState housing arrangements, beginning with the reforms initiated through the Council of Australian Governments through to the still uncertain future of public housing under the Howard government. It examines a number of inquiries into housing and recommendations for reform which served the plans of reformist governments intent on separating out the functional roles and responsibilities of the Commonwealth and the States. In particular, these inquiries advocated an ‘affordability’s benchmark which sought to blur the distinction between public and private rental housing leading, inevitably, to the residualisation of the public housing sector.     

Upper House Reform in the United Kingdom and Australia

Discussion of upper house reform in the United Kingdom has been relatively muted in recent years, given the House of Lords' status as the world's last hereditary second chamber. However, a reform in 1999 removed the bulk of hereditary peers from the chamber and started a process of reflection about the appropriate role, functions and composition of the upper house. Fundamental questions arise about the power of the respective chambers at Westminster, the power of the government's mandate, and the possible territorial role of the upper house given the new devolution settlement. This paper describes recent developments, and contrasts the recent reform debate in the United Kingdom with the ongoing Senate reform debate in Australia. It discusses the extent to which views are converging and the likely outcomes of reform.     

Public Policy and Intergovernmental Relations: Measuring Perceived Change(s) in National Influence-The Effects of the Federalism Decade

Federal grants-in-aid have been a major instrument for the exercise of national influence on the states. This research investigates empirically the degree of perceived national influence (PNI) exerted through the grant process during the 1970s and 1980s. Respondents were state administrators heading agencies that received federal grants. Surveys at four points in time across the two decades produced a unidimensional measure of PNI. PNI levels were notably higher in the 1970s than in the 1980s. Two competing explanations were offered to account for the decline: (a) intergovernmental institutional policy changes promoted by the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 through 1988, and (b) symbolic and rhetorical advocacy of an altered (reduced) national role in relation to the states. Both factors appear to have contributed to sharp decline in PNI between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s.     

Dimensions of Global Economic Restructuring and the Idea of Decentralisating Labour Relations in Australia

Though always more exposed than many other countries to the vicissitudes of international competition, Australia seems to have become increasingly vulnerable to the pressures accompanying global restructuring. This much is evident in the pattern of foreign debt, the balance of payments and trade, and fluctuations in our exchange rate. Media paranoia over the day-to-day pegormance of macro-indicators obscures, however, the pressures global restructuring has brought against the integrity and efficacy of our major institutions Not only have there been serious questions raised about the usefulness of the centralised arbitration system in the context of global restructuring, the Australian labour movement itself faces an uncertain future. Notwithstanding the claimed virtues of an enterprise-based labour relations system, there are good reasons to suppose that a decentralised system would have its own problems in accommodating rapid economic change. In this respect, the search for an American-style decentralised institutional regime may be ill-advised; more useful may be an enhanced capacity to adjust within the current framework of Australian labour relations.     

战后初期伊瓦特的亚洲协调政策与澳亚外交经贸关系的发展

H.V.伊瓦特从1941年10月至1949年12月出任澳大利亚外务部长.战后初期澳大利亚的外交活动主要是由伊瓦特所开创的,特别是他提出的新亚洲政策--协调政策,极力主张扩展与亚洲的外交联系,积极发展经贸关系,密切关注亚洲事务,寻求在与西方相互信任和互惠基础上加强亚澳地区合作,增进相互理解.伊瓦特的新亚洲协调政策在调整、改善和发展战后澳亚关系方面产生了重大影响,取得了不少积极成果,促进了澳大利亚与亚洲国家外交和经贸关系的发展,并在一定程度上影响了20世纪五六十年代及其以后的澳大利亚外交.     

Collective Action and the Evolution of Intergovernmental Cooperation

Voluntary cooperation among governments holds tremendous promise for solving policy problems with regional and national scope. In this article, we apply insights from the theory of institutional collective action to understand the evolution of cooperative governmental institutions. We address the question: What makes a government decide to exit an existing cooperative arrangement and join a new one with a stronger central authority? Our empirical analyses examine state choices about whether to participate in the new Interstate Compact for Juveniles or remain in an existing compact that serves the same purpose. The findings shed light on how governments make trade‐offs between their desire to maintain their autonomy and the need to overcome the transactions costs, coordination problems, and free‐rider problems associated with cooperative governance in order to achieve policy gains.     

第二次世界大战与澳苏建交

第二次世界大战是澳大利亚外交和防务发展的分水岭。二战前,澳英传统关系以及大英帝国的保护意识使澳大利亚外交一直处于边缘状态,第二次世界大战却改变了这种传统的外交格局。澳苏建交是这一变革过程中的重要事件之一。澳苏关系的正常化既是两国政治家和外交家站在战略的高度去审视双边关系并为之做出不懈努力的结果,又是英苏关系一定程度上改善的体现。澳苏建交反映了国家利益尤其是安全利益始终是国际关系发展的一个主要线索和动力,同时也说明了在战争的特殊背景下国际关系的复杂和微妙。     

State–Society Relations in Land Reform Implementation in the Philippines

Contrary to earlier pessimistic predictions, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Programme (CARP) in the Philippines has achieved significant success in land redistribution, although not quite matching the original claims of the state. The dominant public policy and land reform literature, broadly divided between state‐centred and society‐centred approaches, has difficulty in fully explaining the unexpected outcomes of the CARP process. Going beyond these dichotomous views, and using Fox’s interactive framework for analysing state–society relations, this article argues that redistributive land reform can be implemented in a politically hostile situation when initiatives by state reformists ‘from above’ positively interact with social mobilizations ‘from below’.     

酒店经营管理中的跨文化关系解析

本文从酒店总经理的困惑入手,分析了酒店经营管理中错综复杂的文化关系,探讨了这些文化关系的共性规律和个性特征,并提出,跨文化关系解析是酒店文化问题研究的关键环节。在此基础上,本文进一步讨论了跨文化关系解析五个方面的理论基础以及跨文化关系解析在酒店经营管理宏观战略的制定、酒店人力资源管理和酒店对客服务等方面的应用问题。     

试论新世纪博物馆的改革与管理

长期以来,博物馆行业较为封闭,无论是从人的观念,还是管理上与当今社会的发展还有很大的距离,随着中国加入WTO和全球经济的一体化,在新世纪里博物馆也将和世界接轨。面对新的形势,博物馆人必须转变观念,迎接挑战,适应社会的变革。博物馆要理顺关系,规范管理,广泛吸纳各种人才,才能发展事业,才能健康茁壮地成长。     

澳大利亚1967年宪法改革及其对土著问题的影响

1900年7月9日通过的《澳大利亚联邦宪法》把土著排斥在澳大利亚的社会生活之外,成为澳大利亚社会歧视土著的明证,不断遭到批评。二战后,澳大利亚社会中要求修改宪法以给予土著平等权利的呼声越来越高,这迫使澳大利亚政府于1967年举行全民公决,进行宪法改革,修改宪法中的相关条款。1967年宪法改革是澳大利亚白人与土著关系史上的一个标志性事件,对后来澳大利亚政府管理土著事务、改善土著的地位及对澳大利亚的社会进步都有着不可忽视的重大影响。     

论系统关系中的旅游产品开发管理

由经营组织、消费市场和产品构架所组成的旅游系统,彼此所构成的是两种主客体关系：经营组织和产品构架之间的关系;消费市场和产品构架之间的关系。其间,产品构架处于中介地位。如果说,产品开发是旅游发展战略的一个重要环节,那么,就必须从系统整合的观念出发,围绕产品精心处理上述两种关系。从管理角度审视,产品设计上,必须注重内容决定形式;产品生产上,必须注意强化经营组织消费市场的能动驾驭作用;产品筹划上,必须以市场为导向进行周密细致的计划和预测;产品营销上,必须确立消费市场使产品价值由可能变成现实的观念。”     

Regulatory Reform and the Structure of For-Hire Motor Carrier Revenues in Ontario, 1987–1989

Regarding the impact of trucking regulatory reform in Ontario, the overall rate levels for trucking service and rate levels for shipments involving small / remote communities are examined. Analysis indicates that rate levels have not declined in most trucking service sectors. With respect to small / remote communities, the basic question concerns the existence of cross-subsidization, which was found to be present in some industry sectors.     

The Electoral Politics of Economic Reform in Australia: The 1998 Election

Like many other advanced industrial democracies, Australia has experienced major and ongoing economic reform over the last two decades, the pace of which has, if anything, increased since the election of the Liberal‐National government in 1996. These developments have led to a growing sense of economic insecurity among many voters. Many of these concerns were focused on the 1998 election, when the Liberal‐National Coalition advocated the introduction of a goods and services tax. This paper uses the 1998 Australian Election Study (AES) survey to examine the impact of economic evaluations, economic insecurity and economic issues on voting in the election. The results demonstrate the existence of widespread economic concerns across the electorate, but that the Coalition gained a marginal electoral advantage on the tax reform issue. Economic issues were also a cause of defection to the new One Nation Party, although further analysis reveals that its support was motivated more by race and ethnic concerns than by economic discontent.     

求新解到疑经:唐代古文运动与经学变古

皮锡瑞在其《经学历史》中称唐代为"经学统一时代",称宋代为"经学变古时代"。唐代经学在"统一"的主要状况下,逐渐生出反动。唐代早期,刘知几已经开始怀疑传统经学,元澹又非《礼记》并难郑玄注,而中唐新经学之兴起最为引人注目。中唐新经学与古文运动在思想和人脉上都有密切交往,古文运动鄙弃传统章句注疏之学,主张直接把握经学大义,支持学者对经学作出新解释,部分士人并尝试亲自重解经学。这种对传统经学的反动,逐渐发展至于疑经。经学变古这一萌生于唐代的伏流,最终发展至于宋代而蔚为大观。     

1930年代的北平城市污物管理改革

1930年代,北平城市污物管理混乱,问题丛生。粪夫被冠以“粪阀”之名,其勒索霸道行径给市民的日常生活带来诸多不便,双方关系恶劣。此外,简陋的粪具导致污秽淋漓、臭气四溢,严重影响到市容。为解决上述问题,卫生部门最初采取了若干措施整顿污物处理,但效果不彰。为彻底解决问题,市政当局又拟将之收归市办,由于事关行业的经济利益及相当数量粪夫的生计,受到粪商及粪工的联合抵制,计划未能实施。此后,政府改变策略,实行官商合办,历时2年9个月勉力完成粪道登记和粪具更换,改革初见成效。     

民初盐业管理改革思想述评

中国的盐业管理,在清末曾掀起一场改纲引票的热潮,但由于清政府的腐败,财政拮据,后来又推翻票盐法而恢复纲法。咸丰三年,清政府在两淮实行“以盐抵饷”,征收盐厘等措施,票盐制已名存实亡。1860年曾国藩任两江总督改定票章,整顿盐票,设立督销局,规定：盐斤到岸由局经理批销,由局定价,不得任意改变;盐船抵岸,赴局挂号,按其先后次序,挨次发售,不得抢卖。当时承办票运者皆属大贩,中小商人无力领运,故名为“票实为纲”。     

新公共管理对官僚制是摒弃还是扬弃——基于制度层面的思考

新公共管理是20世纪70年代以后西方各国先后开展的以“企业家政府”为理论模型、以市场化运作模式和私营部门的管理为研究方法、以提高政府工作效率为目的的一项改革运动。新公共管理对政府流程再造的初期的确发挥了一定的作用,提高了行政效率,但是仍然无法改变官僚制的人事制度。新公共管理所提出的私营部门的管理方法,只是对官僚制的修正与补充,是对官僚制的扬弃,而不是摒弃。