徐建寅会办湖北铁政局前后

自1875年起,中国开始向国外相关国家陆续派出驻外公使。为及时沟通政府与驻外公使的联络和文函传递,驻英公使郭嵩焘上书要求设立文报局。1876年12月,清廷批准文报局在沪成立。局址在外滩招商局（现中山东一路9号）,专事传递驻英公使公文及其人员的信函和物件与国内的往来。     

晚清早期驻外公使的爱国主义意识

晚清早期驻外公使郭嵩焘、何如璋、陈兰彬、刘锡鸿、曾纪泽、刘瑞芳、薛福成、黎庶昌等人，既是中国走向世界的先驱者，也是一批具有强烈爱国主义思想的近代先进知识分子。他们在民族危机日趋严重的关键时刻登上外交舞台，在爱国主义意识的激发下，做了大量维护国家主权的工作。其爱国主义意识主要表现在折冲尊俎的外交领域中。笔者拟分三方面对这种意识进行初步探讨。［１］一、创设驻外领事馆，保护侨胞权益创设驻外使领馆是与保护侨胞权益紧紧连在一起的。以１８７７年中国首任驻外公使郭嵩焘在伦敦创办第一个常驻外使馆为肇始，清廷在世…     

"克林德牌坊"铭文考

现在矗立在北京市中山公园内的"保卫和平"石牌坊,是中华民族受帝国主义列强凌辱的见证物之一.1900年义和团运动风起云涌,帝国主义国家对义和团进行了疯狂的镇压.德国公使克林德也曾加入到刽子手的行列中杀害过数十名义和团民.     

浅析驻外公使在芜湖教案处理中的作用

作为晚清时期发生在安徽的四大教案之一的芜湖教案,其影响力是四大教案中最大的,且牵涉到的国家也是最多的,那么清政府在与外国政府的交涉过程中,或多或少的都会有中国驻外公使的参与和活动。那么究竟驻外公使在清政府处理芜湖教案过程中扮演了一个怎样的角色?他们又是如何利用自己在国外的优势,帮助清政府妥善处理此案的,便是本文想要分析和探讨的问题。     

五卅惨案发生后各机关团体暨驻外机构致执政府外交部电文选

五卅惨案发生后,反帝风潮席卷全国,各机关团体纷纷致电执政府外交部,督促其对外强硬交涉,以维主权;各驻外公使亦报告驻在国及当地华人华侨对五卅事件的态度与反应等.     

美国政府与义和团运动再考察

在义和团运动中,美国政府一开始对其严重性缺乏认识,发表的第一次门户开放照会也与山东义和团运动没有直接关系,系针对列强"瓜分"政策发出的一个倡议。对于义和团运动向津京地区蔓延,美国驻华公使康格反应强烈,主张与其他列强采取一致行动,并赞成列强的"瓜分"政策。但美国政府始终坚持门户开放政策,并扩大到维护中国领土和行政的完整,将战争严格局限于解救使馆、恢复秩序范围内。在《辛丑条约》谈判中,美国政府对中国的态度也相对友善。东南地方督抚和驻美公使伍廷芳与美国政府之间保持的外交孔道,对舒缓美国政府和公众的焦虑起了十分积极的作用。这场战争并非由"中外双方在交流方面的误解"而引发,主要还是19世纪以来中外民教矛盾和冲突长期得不到妥善合理解决的一个必然结果。     

奕劻与晚清政局

奕劻是晚清政坛上一个重要角色,义和团运动期间的活动,是其政治生涯中的重要一幕。本文梳理了奕劻在义和团运动中的相关资料,并作了一些粗浅的分析,希望对全面认识这个人物有所助益。奕劻在义和运动时期的活动大致可分为三个阶段：力主镇压、韬光养晦和议和谈判。一、力主剿杀义和团尚处于萌芽时期,奕劻就是该运动的直接关系者。由于民教冲突日益增多,１８９６年,总理衙门拟定了教案处分章程。１８９７年,山东巨野教案发生,奕劻就是和德国公使海靖进行交涉的主要人物。①１８９９年１２月,英国牧师卜克斯被杀死,英国公使窦纳乐会…     

民国外交官叹“穷”

用今人的眼光看,民国时期的外交官职位,无疑是不少人艳羡、垂涎并为之争逐的大肥缺:驻外使领馆官员自然都很潇洒、神气,手头阔绰,居处奢华,赚足了外币:尤其是驻欧美使领馆官员,更是充分享受了资本主义世界的物质文明。事实如何呢?翻阅了民国著名外交家蒋作宾(曾任中华民国临时政府陆军部次长,驻德、奥公使,驻日公使和大使)的日记,方知也不尽然。蒋作宾于1928年10月被任命为中国驻德国公使兼驻奥地利王国全权公使。同年12月12日从上海乘船启程赴德国柏林就任。蒋     

郭嵩焘与中国近代化的外交

清末中国传统政治不能适应近现代国际关系实际,郭嵩焘以务实态度,超越传统政治藩篱,在社会转型风口浪尖上,以中国首任驻外公使身份推动中国外交近代化。     

论义和团运动时期的法国对华外交

义和团运动初起时,法国驻华公使毕盛率先做出反应,联络各国公使向清政府递交照会,催促清政府采取有力措施镇压义和团。继而,法国政府也采取强硬的对华政策,竭力促成列强联合出兵侵华。7月中旬,法国最先建议列强对中国实行武器禁运,以便从根本上削弱清政府的抵抗力量。在谈判签订《辛丑条约》的过程中,法国在一系列重大问题上都提出了与他国不同的主张。在义和团运动时期,法国虽然与俄国存在同盟关系,并在一些问题上与俄国保持一致,但其对华政策并不完全被法俄同盟所左右,而是把维护列强的联合置于对华外交的最优先地位。     

Discourse on migration and ethnic identity: interviews with professionals in Hong Kong

"This paper has revealed a complex set of relationships between migration, place and ethnic identity [in Hong Kong]. On the one hand, ethnic identity is shaped by the places where people have lived, particularly the places where they have spent the early years of their life; on the other [hand], places--being the context for socialization--provide the milieux where people learn who and what they are and how to act...." The authors note that "while legislation clearly regulates levels of immigration, international migration is also self-regulated by potential migrants in relation to interpretations of their ethnic identities and their perceptions of 'other' places."     

18世纪末至19世纪中期英国在印度的“文明使命”

在"文明使命"价值观的指引下,英国人在印度扮演的角色,既是征服者和殖民者,又是统治者和开化者.他们在治理与掠夺印度的过程中,摧毁了印度原有的社会与经济结构,推进了印度社会的近代化,用强力手段将古老的印度拉进了以英国为中心的世界资本主义体系.     

区域文化与温州海外移民

论文以温州区域文化的成长路径为切入点,就其中的自由多元、重利崇义、包容豪放等文化特质如何熏陶和哺养海外温州人,并使其在思想观念、生活方式、社会意识和心理品性等方面具有鲜明特征做实证分析。认为作为中华民族一分子的海外温州人固然具有华夏子孙的共性,但同时也具有独特的地缘性。温州作为国内乃至世界范围的一个强烈的地缘概念,以其诸多独特性而吸引世人眼球。温州的海外移民,呈现出敢于抗命、乐于吃苦、富于经商、善于抱团和过于冒险、功利、炫耀、自恋等独特的区域移民气质,其文化的区域属性是决定性的、最基本的因由。     

International mobility of women in science and technology careers: shaping plans for personal and professional purposes

International mobility has become a key requirement in science and technology (S&T) professional career progression. On the one hand, the increasing mobility of women suggests that this may be a way for them to avoid or get away from women-unfriendly working environments. On the other hand, international mobility can present problems for women as they, particularly, have to plan their lives around their professional goals and personal lives. This article addresses the international mobility strategies of women regarding their personal and professional choices. We analyse their motivations to move, the way they manage their lives abroad and the effects of mobility on their lives. The analysis is based on 24 in-depth interviews of highly skilled women working in Spanish S&T sectors. Our main findings show that mobility is a new challenge which may improve women's family lives and professional careers. However, they have to plan carefully their lives on a long-term as well as a daily basis. In this sense, they need strong personal determination and the ability to balance their professional and personal goals. Moreover, their personal decisions depend not only on them as individuals, but also on their partners and families, on wider social values, on the institutional support they enjoy, and on the general public policies which they are affected by.     

Imagining a Different Future—Anarchist Equality and the Form of Labour in the Journal of Natural Justice

In the late Qing, China entered the capitalist world-system and this brought about a structural change in society. In this context, late Qing intellectuals felt a double imperative: they had to combat imperialist invasion and economic plunder and therefore they had to establish a nation-state, which presupposed capitalist development. However, on the other hand, they saw the various problems associated with capitalism, and as they were developing their narratives of identity, they needed to find conceptual resources to counter Eurocentric narratives of history. Consequently, these intellectuals harbored a desire to overcome capitalism. This desire produced various post-capitalist utopias, which we can see in Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Zhang Taiyan. These utopias are especially meaningful today, in an age where capitalist domination is heightened, but hope for a post-capitalist future has greatly diminished. “Equality” is a keyword with which late Qing intellectuals mapped out the future. Moreover, “equality” expresses precisely the above doubled movement: on the one hand, it constitutes the condition for the nation state, but on the other hand, it is also a concept that late Qing intellectuals used to imagine a different future. Discussions of equality directly dealt with issues of labour, women, and so on. This essay takes as its focus the Journal of Natural Justice, which was organized by the Society for the Restoration of Women’s rights organized by He Zhen, Liu Shipei and others. This journal published for less than one year, but it was one of the main journals promoting socialism and anarchism. It was also the first to directly discuss “labour,” and it proposed an ideal of equality in which “everyone has work and everyone labours.” Throughout the rest of China’s twentieth century, leftist and Marxist intellectuals continued this emphasis on labour. But capitalism presupposes that everyone is equal as a free-labourer. In this case, what is the relationship between the utopia proposed by the Journal of Natural Justice, which entails a world in which all people have work, and capitalism? This essay examines this question in hopes of shedding light on the larger trajectory of Chinese history.     

1. INTRODUCTION: ASSESSING NARRATIVISM

In this introductory essay we briefly discuss three issues. First, we take stock of and pay tribute to the main achievements of narrativism, on the one hand. On the other hand, we also note its weariness as a scholarly project and argue that the philosophy of history is gradually moving toward a broadly understood postnarrativist stage and a period of renewed theoretical innovation. Next, as a part of this shift, we briefly introduce the forum contributions and discuss how they relate to narrativism. Finally, in place of a conclusion we offer some thoughts on where the philosophy of history might be heading after narrativism has ceased to be the integrative framework of diverging theoretical enterprises.     

线条的困惑

线条之于中国画,最初的功能只是框定形状,勾画轮廓。随着绘画的发展,线条被赋予更多的功能和内涵,不仅要清晰展示出画家所描绘的物体,还要显示出某种意蕴和精神,以昭示人类的某些情感,甚至被分门别类,与各类意蕴一一对应。如此,又不免有生搬硬套之嫌。线条在书法里挥洒自如;而在绘画里,则或得颜色、章法之助倍受赞誉,或被名士名流赋予诸多诠释。于是,线条不胜困惑。     

从科学到政治:全球变暖问题的历史演变

国际社会在对待全球变暖问题上经历了从科学回应到政治回应的发展过程。一方面,全球变暖科学理论的发展为国际气候科学界达成有关共识提供了基础,同时为政治家的政治决策提供了相关的科学背景知识,从而为全球变暖问题在20世纪80年代的政治化创造了必要的前提条件。另一方面,国际社会对全球变暖问题的政治回应过程反映了更为复杂的国家集团间的利益矛盾,主要包括南北矛盾和北方内部的矛盾,它们的妥协和合作是确保温室气体减排成功的关键因素。     

晚清贵州状元夏同龢留日史事考述

夏同龢是19世纪中国最后一名文状元,更是中国第一位出国留学的状元。夏同龢及其他拥有科举功名的传统士绅负笈游学,在晚清新政展开、西学东渐的历史背景下,不仅折射出中国传统士绅教育的转型———传统士绅开始正视外来挑战并积极学习近代西学;同时亦反映出这些研习经史辞章的传统文化精英,已开始向掌握近代法政之学及科学技术的知识分子过渡。     

To what extent can online mapping be decolonial? A journey throughout Indigenous cartography in Canada

In this paper, we describe and reflect upon our journey through Indigenous online mapping in Canada. This journey has been planned according to an academic goal: assessing the potential of online cartography for decolonial purposes. To reach this goal, we have followed methodological directions provided by Indigenous scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith to review 18 Indigenous web-mapping sites across Canada. Supported by a series of ten interviews, this content analysis enabled us to sketch some of the contours of contemporary Indigenous cartography. On one hand, Indigenous communities largely control the data that are shared on these websites. They also partially control the way these data are represented through the mobilization of digital storytelling technologies that are better aligned with Indigenous ways of envisioning relationships to places than conventional maps. On the other hand, they do not have much control over the technological aspects of these projects, for which they remain heavily dependent on non-Indigenous partners. Throughout this journey, we noticed that women's voices remained marginal in most of these mapping projects, but we also identified evidence supporting the idea that these voices are starting to play a vital role in the on-going effort of decolonizing mapping processes.