战后南非对外政策的种族主义诠释

种族主义不仅是南非长期实行种族隔离制度的思想渊源,而且对战后南非的对外政策产生了不容忽视的重大影响。这种影响主要表现为南非的地区霸权政策,南非与以色列、台湾地区构筑三角孤立联盟,努力谋求西方大国尤其是美国的庇护等三个方面。笔者拟从种族主义的视角,对此加以诠释。     

战后南非对外政策的种族主义诠释

种族主义不仅是南非长期实行种族隔离制度的思想渊源,而且对战后南非的对外政策产生了不容忽视的重大影响。这种影响主要表现为南非的地区霸权政策,南非与以色列、台湾地区构筑三角孤立联盟,努力谋求西方大国尤其是美国的庇护等三个方面。笔者拟从种族主义的视角,对此加以诠释。     

“文明冲突”，还是种族主义？——试析法国政府的穆斯林移民政策

自20世纪60年代北非穆斯林大规模移民到法国以来,法国政府坚持以“共和模式”为标志的移民政策,促使穆斯林移民完全融入法国社会。然而,由于经常与穆斯林移民的宗教活动和宗教习俗“纠缠不休”,“共和模式”成为穆斯林移民融入法国社会的“瓶颈”;与此同时,法国社会对穆斯林移民及其后代的歧视与偏见,使得“共和模式”面临破产的境地。在新的形势下,法国的“共和模式”和穆斯林移民政策应该与时俱进。     

南非，五色非洲的“南极客”

提到南非,会让人想到什么:开普敦?好望角与葡萄牙人迪亚士?钻石、黄金?克鲁格国家公园?……"原始"、"野性"、"财富"、"神秘"点缀着这片美丽的非洲大陆,带着诸多好奇和考察任务,我们一行六人开始了为期半个多月的南非之旅。此次考察的重点是非洲、欧洲和亚洲多元文化影响下的南非建筑,谁想到整理之下,南非可爱的动物才是我照片里的最大亮点。     

南非白人政权的“分别发展”图谋和“黑人家园”的设立

20世纪60年代“班图斯坦”（黑人家园）的设立,是南非现代史上的一个重大事件。白人政权不遗余力地积极推行这一“创举”,在南非国内和国际上都引起了强烈的反响。“黑人家园”的设立可谓“意味深长”,它是种族主义的极端体现,在政治上“让步”的背后,是精心设计的经济上“分别发展”计划的实施。     

南非民主进程的顿挫与延续——略论博塔的改革总战略

博塔任南非政府首脑期间,面对索韦托暴动引起的政治、经济与社会动荡和国内外的新形势,提出和推行改革总战略：对不适应南非现代化建设和政治稳定的现存制度进行改革;坚决镇压反抗白人统治、破坏社会秩序的行为;全力营造一个有利于改革总战略的国际环境。其目的是维护白人统治和种族隔离制度。他的改革在沃斯特的种族政策调整与德克勒克的民主改革之间架起了一座桥梁,起到了承前启后的作用,将南非的改革进程带入一个新阶段,一定程度上改善了黑人的处境。但博塔的镇压造成国内局势紧张并迅速恶化,以至于到了几乎失控的程度,改革进程陷入停顿。     

“南非之母”艾伯蒂娜

“她是这个民族的母亲,她坚毅而灵活地与殖民镇压和种族隔离作斗争,对穷人和所有被践踏的人类怀有热情”     

“前亚当论”视域下近代早期欧洲种族主义理论流变

近代早期欧洲种族主义理论以“前亚当论”的提出为先导。“前亚当论”属于批判基督教正统神学的一种“异端”思想,强调亚当并非人类共祖,人类族群有多种起源。古典多源论在近代早期欧洲的复兴,为“前亚当论”再现提供了理论依据。美洲及印第安人被“发现”,为欧洲学者从实证研究角度论证“前亚当论”的合理性提供了素材。在此过程中,“前亚当论”受到一些欧洲学者青睐,建构了与传统单源论叙事有所区别的种族主义理论。这一理论为西方殖民政治辩护,成为现代西方种族歧视的重要根源。     

“动物凶猛”——南非七大

国内正值烈日炎炎的季节,南非却冬意正浓。虽是冬季,但南非气温最低有2摄氏度,最高20摄氏度。而在开普敦最低气温可达13掇氏度,最高16摄氏度。非常适宜户外旅游活动。每年的5月至9月正是南非狩猎游的最佳季节。南非动物种类丰富,除了众所周知的“非洲五大”之外,其他许多物种也可以在这里看到。要想在一个地方就能看到南非著名的各大动物,最佳地点莫过于克鲁格国家公园,     

一部全面深入剖析“彩虹之邦”的开拓之作——评郑家馨教授的新著《南非史》

随着中非关系的全面快速发展,国内对非洲问题的研究正呈现方兴未艾之势。南非作为著名的"彩虹国度",自然引起学者们广泛的关注,介绍南非自然风光、旅游景点的资料日渐增多,引导企业到南非投资经商的指南也时有所见,但真正能够持之以恒地潜心研究南非历史的专家并不多。     

南非种族政策取向的重大调整--评沃斯特政府的统治及其政策调整

南非的沃斯特政府在当时的国内外历史背景之下,为应付来自外部和内部的压力、维护白人统治和推进现代化进程,在坚持种族主义统治的前提下,以较为切合实际和讲求灵活性的方式,对南非种族政策的取向作出重大调整,对内着手逐渐放松“次种族隔离”的某些方面;对外则奉行“向外看政策”,其意义不仅旨在暂时缓和种族矛盾和改变南非的孤立地位,而且更重要的是为南非现代化进程中的中心环节———南非民主改革开了先河,作了有意义的尝试,积累了经验和教训,可以说是南非民主改革的组成部分之一。     

南非中国新移民面临的困境及其原因探析

本文在实证调查基础上,梳理了南非中国新移民面临的经济和社会问题,并在此基础上探讨了形成这种困境的内外部原因。从表面看来,中国新移民面临的问题直接来自于民族聚集区经济模式下的困境,民族聚集区经济强化了南非中国新移民的自我认同和族群边界,助长了他们普遍具有的＂过客＂心态,也使得他们逐渐面临众多经济、社会问题。然而,实质上,中国新移民的困境也与南非的社会政策大环境息息相关。南非《劳工法》对劳工的过度保护以及社会治安问题、警察腐败等社会大环境,成为中国新移民面临困境的外部原因。     

Christianity and Political Engagement in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Abstract

This paper focuses specifically on the impact of the Christian churches on the social, cultural and political contexts of South Africa. It considers the political role of the mainline Christian churches and their ecumenical bodies during the apartheid era. In post-apartheid South Africa, the social and political context has changed and the Christian churches relate to this new context in varied ways. The rapid growth and proliferation of Christian churches under forces of globalization to some extent undermines social cohesion and development. The traditional practice of the public gathering, or imbizo, is particularly threatened. This article therefore seeks to address the question of whether Christian institutions in a rapidly globalizing Africa are an asset or liability for promoting identity and belonging, social cohesion, and the development of social capital.     

论南非早期华人与印度移民之异同

南非的华人和印度人之间既有相同点,又有不同点。一方面,他们生活在一块相对陌生的土地上,遇到了相同的困难,主要表现在种族歧视、经济困境、社会地位和政治权利等方面。作为“亚洲威胁者”,他们被非洲人视为到南非获取当地低工资的入侵者,而被白人当作贫穷的未开化的苦力。在面临生存危机时,他们总是团结起来与当地政府的种族歧视政策作斗争。另一方面,两个社群之间存在诸多差异。作为大英帝国的子民,印度人移民南非比中国人容易,因此比华人多得多;印度人在南非诸种族集团中处于一个比华人更明确的位置;印度人的宗教传统在社会生活中占有重要的地位。更为重要的是,印度早期移民中的不少知识分子极大地促进了印度人社区的整合,同时有利于印度人为获得自身权利而斗争。     

Confronting the settler legacy: Indigenisation and transformation in South Africa and Zimbabwe

This article examines attempts to negotiate a perceived residual dominance of settler populations in South Africa and Zimbabwe by means of developmental and cultural policies deemed necessary to restore sovereignty to Africans. Indigenisation has become a preferred strategy for reconstructing post-colonial states in Africa: indigenisation of the economy as part of a Third Chimurenga in Zimbabwe and Black Economic Empowerment in the socio-cultural context of Ubuntu in South Africa. These are issues arising from the regional legacy of contested and uneven transitions to majority rule. Identifying how governments frame the ‘settler problem’, and politicise space in doing so, is crucial for understanding post-colonial politics. Indigenisation in Zimbabwe allows the government to maintain a network of patronage and official rhetoric is highly divisive and exclusivist although couched in terms of reclaiming African values and sovereignty. Revival of Ubuntu as a cultural value system in South Africa facilitates a more positive approach to indigenisation, although Black Economic Empowerment displays elitist tendencies and cultural transformation remains controversial and elusive. The perceived need to anchor policy in socially acceptable (i.e., ostensibly indigenous/traditional) contexts has become a prominent feature of post-colonial politics and is indicative of an indigenous turn in Southern African politics.     

An improved OSL chronology for the Still Bay layers at Blombos Cave,South Africa: further tests of single-grain dating procedures and a re-evaluation of the timing of the Still Bay industry across southern Africa

This paper presents a series of new single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages for the Still Bay at Blombos Cave, South Africa, and compares them to previously published OSL, thermoluminescence (TL) and electron-spin resonance (ESR) ages for this site. Details are provided about the measurement and analytical procedures, including a discussion of the characteristics of the OSL signals of individual quartz grains. This forms the basis for further investigations into the sensitivity of the equivalent dose (D_e) estimates to a range of different analytical approaches, including changes in the size of the test dose, the choice of signal integration interval, the subtraction of an appropriate background, and isolation of the most light-sensitive (‘fast’) component of quartz OSL. We also report the results of an inter-operator test of D_e determination using seven new samples from Blombos Cave, and demonstrate the reproducibility of results obtained for two samples that had been dated previously at another laboratory and were measured and analysed again in this study. Together, these tests validate the robustness of the Blombos Cave single-grain OSL age estimates to a variety of alternative OSL dating procedures. We have incorporated, for the first time, these ages for Blombos Cave into a data set of all single-grain OSL ages for Still Bay and Howieson's Poort sites across southern Africa, and have used a statistical model to re-evaluate the timing and duration of the Still Bay industry. We calculate the most plausible start and end dates of the Still Bay as 72.2 ka and 71.3 ka, respectively – amounting to a duration of 0.9 ka – and estimate (with conventional 95% confidence) that this industry began no earlier than 75.5 ka, ended no later than 67.8 ka and lasted no longer than 6.6 ka.     

Marine shell dates and surface lithic assemblages on the west coast of South Africa

Archaeological surface finds are difficult to date. There are several useful methods, but each requires special circumstances and has one drawback or another. On the west coast of South Africa marine shell are abundant on surface sites but they are rarely dated because they are perceived to be in disturbed context and in questionable association with artefacts. This paper attempts to rectify this misconception and shows that, although far from perfect, a large suite of surface dates can shed as much light as excavated data. On the Vredenburg Peninsula they help refute the hypothesis that two economically and culturally distinct populations shared this pre-colonial landscape since 2000 BP.