明中期湟水流域汉族社会与文化之中兴

从明初洪武至嘉靖万历年间,经过卫、所制度建立,军、民屯田及移民,湟水流域汉族人口增加,经济发展,屯田繁盛,居住区域扩大,区域性汉族社会成型;同时由于儒学设立、教育发展,汉族群体中人才辈出、著述颇丰,使得汉文化在湟水流域复兴,为青海传统社会、文化、经济结构增添了新的成分,建构了青海传统社会、经济、文化多元性特征。本文通过对明中期湟水流域汉族社会的军事、政治、经济发展状况的梳理,阐述了明中期湟水流域汉文化中兴及对后世的影响。     

罗卜藏丹津事件与清中期湟水流域汉族社会发展简

罗卜藏丹津事件善后事宜的实施,不仅使清廷对于青海地区的治理模式与方略产生了较大转变,也使青海湟水流域汉族社会的政治结构、经济结构、社会结构、文化结构产生了较大变迁,为其逐渐演化为社会学意义上的传统社会奠定了基础,并促成了清后期湟水流域汉族社会的复兴.     

罗卜藏丹津事件与清中期湟水流域汉族社会发展

罗卜藏丹津事件善后事宜的实施,不仅使清廷对于青海地区的治理模式与方略产生了较大转变,也使青海湟水流域汉族社会的政治结构、经济结构、社会结构、文化结构产生了较大变迁,为其逐渐演化为社会学意义上的传统社会奠定了基础,并促成了清后期湟水流域汉族社会的复兴。     

日本古代采女的产生及其原因考察

采女是日本古代地方豪族献给中央朝廷的贡女,是在宫廷主要负责天皇、皇后等饮食起居的下级女官。律令制国家时期的采女制度亦是后宫女官制度不可或缺的一部分。然而律令制确立之前的采女并非如此,她们是古代王权专制过程中的产物,是连接中央朝廷与地方豪族之间的桥梁,其产生体现了王权与地方势力双方博弈的过程。     

齐家文化的经济形态

齐家文化的经济形态宋涛齐家文化因１９２４年首先在甘肃广河县齐家坪发现而得名。齐家文化的分布范围广泛,东起渭河上游地区,西到湟水流域,南到白龙江流域,北到内蒙古自治区阿拉善右旗附近,横跨甘肃、青海、宁夏、内蒙古４个省区。齐家文化的年代,根据考古地层和坑...     

西藏地方明封八王的有关文物

明初,根据西藏地方政治分散、各教派势力各踞一方的情况,明朝政府对西藏地区采取了以安抚为主的"多封众建,尚用僧徒"的政策。通过分封,使西藏互不统属的地方势力统一于明朝中央政权之下。成祖执政后,制定了西藏的僧官制度,对各级僧官授予不同的品级和职位,根据西藏地方宗教势力之大小,分别封授了"大宝     

律令制确立前的采女与日本古代王权

采女是日本古代地方豪族献给中央朝廷的贡女,是在宫廷主要负责天皇、皇后等饮食起居的下级女官。律令制国家时期的采女制度亦是后宫女官制度不可或缺的一部分,有些采女甚至被升为贵族阶层。然而律令制确立之前的采女并非如此,她们是古代王权专制过程中的产物,是连接中央朝廷与地方豪族之间的桥梁,其出现与演变体现了王权与地方势力双方博弈的过程。对该时期采女的考察,有助于从一个侧面加深对古代王权专制统治的认识。     

朱元璋废相的缘由

朱元璋建立明朝之后,沿袭元朝制度,在中央设中书省以总天下之文治,置都督府以统天下之兵政,立御史台以振朝廷之纪纲.三大中枢机构中,中书省最为重要,不仅设官最为庞大,而且"事无不统",执掌广泛.中书省丞相的权势与地位,远非都督府大都督与御史台御史大夫可以相提并论.可以说明初的中书省,是洪武十三年(1380年)以前的最高决策...     

马家窑文化的彩陶

马家窑文化产生于距今五千七百多年的新石器时代晚期,其中包括的几种主要类型有马家窑类型、半山类型、马厂类型,它历经了三千多年的发展时期后走向衰落。到公元前的夏、商以后逐渐结束。它主要分布于黄河上游的甘肃、青海的洮河、大夏河、湟水流域一带,因1923年首先发现于甘肃临洮的马家窑村而得名。     

甘肃齐家文化玉器研究

齐家文化因1924年首先发现于甘肃广河县齐家坪遗址而得名,是公元前20世纪前后数百年间活动在我国西北地区的一种原始文化遗存,其分布地域十分广泛,大致在东起泾、渭河流域,西至甘肃河西走廊及青海湟水流域,南达白龙江流域,北入内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗的范围。其年代距今4000年左右。属于铜石并用期到青铜器时代的过渡文化。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.