江苏省“口头和非物质遗产”调查与思考

江苏省“口头和非物质遗产”丰富多姿,但其现存状况面临诸多困难,对其进行有效的整理、保护和传承已成为当务之急。     

遗产人类学视域中的非物质文化

非物质文化被认定为遗产是现代性社会作用于文化的一种机制,遗产生产则是这种机制的具体表现。非物质文化可以成为遗产生产的客体,将现有的文化形态从传统社会融入至现代性社会的发展过程中。在遗产生产的过程中,非物质文化原有的生产与休闲功能也因现代性社会的影响而改变着地方性社会的关系与结构。非物质文化可以成为遗产休闲的对象,在此过程中它也可以成为地方性社会与外部社会沟通与交往的媒介。遗产人类学视域中的非物质文化是关于人的文化,只有使其再次回归至生产与休闲的本质,再次嵌入人们的日常生活中,才有可能彰显对其的保护与传承。     

人类口头和非物质遗产代表作——盖莱代

口头遗产盖莱代 2001年10月29日,联合国教科文组织第31届大会确定了入选首批“人类口头和非物质遗产”代表作名录的19个项目。由贝宁政府申报,尼日利亚和多哥政府支持的盖莱代（Guélédé,国内媒体曾根据其英文译音译作吉列德)榜上有名。贝宁文化部长率盖莱代表演团体赴教科文总部,参加了部分入选项目的表演,赢得观众的好评。     

长歌当哭——哈扎布在蒙古长调入选非物质遗产前去世

"从前歌手的歌声中可以听到青草的芬芳,现在,只能听到宴席上的酒肉味道了。"长调的灵魂生长于马背之上,皮之不存,毛将焉附。     

《孟姜女传说》口头遗产及其文化空间——国家级非物质文化遗产《孟姜女传说》评述

孟姜女口头遗产在中国早已经构成了一个很大的民间传说圈。在孟姜女传统民间文化活动集中的地区,即以孟姜女口头传承为文化圈的活动空间里,不停顿地用多种形式重复展演和弘扬着孟姜女文化遗存。而山东淄博地区孟姜女传说调查成果充分证明,中心地带传承的口头传说有一个显著的特征,那就是传说中的人物、事件与当地人文历史背景、自然地理环境的紧密粘附性。     

攀枝花市工业遗产初步调查

攀枝花市因工业而建，因工业而兴，留下了许多工业遗产。保护好这些工业遗产，就是保护了这座城市的历史，也保护了这座城市的珍贵记忆。     

“世界遗产”与“非物质文化遗产”两种遗产类型的特征研究

＂世界遗产＂（World Heritage）和＂非物质文化遗产＂（IntangibleCultural Heritage）是内涵和外延不同的两个专有名词和各有评价标准的两种遗产类型,共同点只在于,它们是由联合国教育、科学及文化组织（UNESCO）宣布、在国际层面上加以保护的文化或自然遗产。作为热门词汇,比较容易被望文生义地理解为是一种统一的世界级的遗产;所以在讨论学术问题时,宜谨慎使用＂世界遗产＂汉译词通称World Heritage和Intangible Cultural Heritage这两种遗产类型。     

中国昆曲被列为“人类口述和非物质遗产”榜首

比从莫斯科传来北京申奥成功的特大喜讯还早56天,即2001年5月18日,从巴黎传来中国古老的昆曲艺术被联合国教科文组织评定为“人类口述和非物质遗产代表作”的喜讯。名列这一领域19项世界文化遗产的榜首,得到18名评委的一致赞同。     

关于人类口头及非物质遗产《玛纳斯》保护和传承、转型和发展

20 0 3年 12月 8日 ,中国艺术研究院在北京召开了为期 5天的“中国少数民族艺术遗产保护与当代艺术发展国际学术研讨会”,百余名国内外专家学者出席了这次盛会。会议围绕“文化多样性与少数民族艺术遗产保护”等议题进行了广泛而深入的交流和研讨。新疆维吾尔自治区克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州史志办编审贺继宏应邀出席了会议。他撰写的《〈玛纳斯〉的抢救与传承、转型与发展》一文在大会上交流后 ,受到与会学者的高度重视。《中国文化报》以“世界需要文化多样性”为题作了宣传报道。本刊特载贺继宏的《关于人类口头及非物质遗产〈玛纳斯〉保护和传承、转型和发展》一文 ,以飨读者。     

作为“遗产线路”的文物南迁与“遗产线路”概念再认识

文物南迁是20世纪30至50年代为保护故宫等机构文物而进行的文物大迁徙活动。这次迁徙在20余座城市留下了丰富的史迹遗产和报纸档案资料。文物南迁至今已有近百年历史,期间由于战争与和平、文物价值与文化认同的变迁,南迁之举被不断赋予了新的历史价值和精神文化意义,使得这一历史事件的遗迹可以被放到"遗产线路"的视角下去看待,并对该遗产概念的发展完善具有推动作用。     

论江苏工业遗产保护与利用

19世纪末至20世纪中叶,江苏沿江各大城市的近代工商业发展壮大。随着现代化工业的发展,过去一些门类的工业生产逐渐衰退,而这些建筑物、工厂车间、机械、磨坊等已成为具有特定价值的工业遗产。通过对工业遗产内涵的界定,明确了工业遗产的价值,揭示了保护工作的紧迫性,探索江苏工业遗产资源的保护和重新利用。     

江苏省运河文化遗产保护与展望

2006年5月,我国大运河申报世界文化遗产工作已正式启动。江苏是拥有大运河的最早航段,又是运河流程最长的省份,运河文化遗产十分丰富,以“申遗”为契机,认真做好江苏境内的运河文化遗产的保护显得尤为重要。     

Heritage designation and scale: a World Heritage case study of the Ningaloo Coast

As heritage research has engaged with a greater plurality of heritage practices, scale has emerged as an important concept in Heritage Studies, albeit relatively narrowly defined as hierarchical levels (household, local, national, etcetera). This paper argues for a definition of scale in heritage research that incorporates size (geographical scale), level (vertical scale) and relation (an understanding that scale is constituted through dynamic relationships in specific contexts). The paper utilises this definition of scale to analyse heritage designation first through consideration of changing World Heritage processes, and then through a case study of the world heritage designation of the Ningaloo Coast region in Western Australia. Three key findings are: both scale and heritage gain appeal because they are abstractions, and gain definition through the spatial politics of interrelationships within specific situations; the spatial politics of heritage designation comes into focus through attention to those configurations of size, level and relation that are invoked and enabled in heritage processes; and researchers choice to analyse or ignore particular scales and scalar politics are political decisions. Utilising scale as size, level and relation enables analyses that move beyond heritage to the spatial politics through which all heritage is constituted.     

Islamic Waqf and Management of Cultural Heritage in Palestine

This paper studies the salient features that characterise the Islamic waqf and the importance of its development through history as a system for management of cultural heritage in Palestine. In an attempt to understand the value of waqf and its developmental role, this paper discusses the significance of waqf development with regard to social and economic growth. The paper concludes that Islamic waqf in Palestine is certainly not an invitation to the authority of the government to dominate the area of benevolent (caring, generous) activities in society but quite the opposite; from its beginning, the establishment of waqf was a clear representation of creating a third sector related to philanthropy (charities) that is kept away from both the profit‐motivated behaviour of individuals and the authority‐dominated action of the government and could be developed and adopted today in our society as a sustainable approach to the management of cultural heritage.     

Organisational Needs and Priorities of Heritage Areas in the USA

Academics and practitioners alike know relatively little about the core competencies that are transferable from one heritage-area initiative to another. Often those new to the field have had to look to consultants or peers for advice regarding the essential core competencies needed to make their emerging organisations a success.This research surveyed the executive directors of the known universe of 154 heritage areas in the USA for the purposes of identifying the essential core skills they feel are needed to create and sustain a multi-jurisdictional heritage-tourism initiative. In addition, the importance-performance methodology employed in the survey instrument made it possible to assess their critical needs and priorities for training. Results of this study contributed to the design of the Heritage Development Institute, recently created to serve the executive staff of the nation's heritage areas at the College of Charleston on behalf of the Alliance of National Heritage Areas (www.cofc.edu/~heritage).     

The Scope and Definitions of Heritage: From Tangible to Intangible

Since the adoption of the Venice Charter in 1964, there have been many conservation guidelines in the form of charters, recommendations and resolutions that have been introduced and adopted by international organisations such as UNESCO and ICOMOS. This article focuses on the scope and definition of heritage as promulgated by the various charters across the globe. The term ‘historic monument’ used in the Venice Charter 1964 was reinterpreted by ICOMOS in 1965 ICOMOS. 21–22 June 1965. Report on the Constitutive Assembly 21–22 June, Warsaw, , Poland [Google Scholar] as ‘monument’ and ‘site’; and by UNESCO in 1968 UNESCO. 1968. Recommendation Concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private Works. 15th Session of the General Conference. 1968, Paris.  [Google Scholar] as ‘cultural property’ to include both movable and immovable. The different terminology between the UNESCO and ICOMOS was reconciled at the World Heritage Convention 1972. At national and regional levels the scope of heritage was broadened to include gardens, landscape and environment, and later reinterpreted and defined quite differently in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and China. Although the scope of heritage, in general, is now agreed internationally to include ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’ as well as ‘environments’, the finer terminology of ‘heritage’ has not been streamlined or standardised, and thus no uniformity exists between countries.     

我国世界遗产保护和利用决策机制建设初探

近十年来,我国遗产事业取得较大发展。与此同时,矛盾和问题也愈加凸显,原因之一是决策失误。为避免我国的世界遗产因决策失误而造成破坏,应尽快建立起规范、科学、完备的遗产决策机制,从决策主体、组成、决策程序、依据等方面确保其正确性和有效性,真正实现遗产的"保护为主、永续利用"。     

Estancias of Buenos Aires Province,Argentina: Rural Heritage,Sustainable Development and Tourism

Rural settlements growing crops and rearing animals are known as estancias in several South American countries. They played a prevailing role in the political and economic history of Argentina, particularly during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. At present, many estancias are developing alternative activities, as recreation and tourism, in order to be able to subsist. The main problem lies in the fact that a non‐sustainable activity, frequently focused on the greatest economic yield, leads to the destruction of the heritage, instead of achieving its long‐term conservation. The purpose of this paper is to develop and verify a suitable model for the planning, execution and management of recreational and tourist activities in these rural settlements. As regards the scope of the concept of sustainable development, this methodology aims at achieving a balance between the recreational and tourist operation and the conservation of the rich heritage concerned.     

Local and Regional History as Heritage: The Heritage Process and Conceptualising the Purpose and Practice of Local Historians

The expansion and evolution of local history over the last half century has given rise to both celebration and critical self‐reflection. This attention has been stimulated by the continued importance of local history as a popular cultural activity, in parallel with, paradoxically, a relatively recent decline in academic teaching provision in the subject. The reflection on the characteristics and role of local history has yielded searching consideration of its relationship with the pursuit of history more broadly, most especially in the academic discipline. However, little work has approached comprehending local history as being by its very nature also heritage. This paper turns to a series of essays by academic and non‐academic practitioners for a county history society’s journal over a period of 35 years, in order to shed light on the place of local history in evolving understandings of heritage as process.