苏联瓦解的文化因素

在苏联存在的74年间,苏联共产党带领苏联人民建设社会主义曾经取得举世瞩目的成就,但是执政的苏共未能始终坚持列宁倡导并身体力行的理论创新精神,在文化建设上发生了重大失误：因背弃马列主义使全党全民失去了精神支柱,文化力转向;民族主义和宗教极端主义的出现,使维系国家统一的文化力散向;社会道德严重恶化,人民不再相信共产党和政府,使文化力弱化。三种力量结合在一起导致苏共领导下的改革走上了一条不归路。     

Being an Israeli: Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel,fifteen years later

This article presents the results of a study conducted in 2006 among a representative sample of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, aged 18 and over, who arrived in Israel between 1990 and 2005. It examines the changes over time in their collective identity, focusing on the relative weight and meaning of the local, Israeli component of their identity, as compared to the Jewish and Russian components. Unlike studies conducted in other concentrations of Russian Jewish emigrés (in the United States, Canada, and Germany), which found that an increase in the intensity of the local component of their identity was held in check by the enduring strength of the Russian component, this study revealed that in Israel the local identity component grew much stronger while, correspondingly, the Russian component declined. In addition, significant similarities between the immigrants and the veteran population were found with regard to how they conceive of the Israeli narrative. These changes over time in the immigrants' identity, which were not observed in the first years of their integration into Israeli culture and society, require a reexamination of the generalizations that dominate the research literature and the professional relationship with this group, concerning its supposed social and cultural self-segregation and low potential for cultural change.     

International Assistance to the Former Soviet Union: Conditions and Transitions1

Since the demise of the Soviet Union the newly independent states (NIS) have attempted the wholesale reform of their economic, political, and social institutions. With varying levels of success they have sought to create new institutions or reorganize old institutions, often so as to mirror similar institutions in western Europe and North America. Many nations and international organizations have sought to influence these transitions with technical assistance, foreign aid, concessional loans, and trade/investment promotion programs. In this article we attempt to bridge the conceptual, analytic, and empirical gaps between those who argue that external influences remain unimportant and those who believe that international organizations and foreign governments can support reforms. Specifically, we argue that although external assistance can play a positive role in the successful consolidation of political and economic reforms, the contribution of external assistance to the post-Soviet transitions has been limited by the institutional arrangements, technical proficiency, and political motivations of the aid providers. We thus analyze patterns of foreign assistance to demonstrate that implicit conditionalities imposed by aid donors upon recipient countries—with regard to geographic distribution, program priorities, timing, and graduation criteria—often force recipients to comply with reform agendas that may or may not be favorable for the recipient.     

吴恩远研究员谈苏联解体原因

(一)研究苏联解体原因的方法论吴恩远研究员强调,研究苏联解体的原因必须坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的立场、观点和方法,切忌片面性。他针对近年来我国史学界研究苏联解体原因的一些流行观点,通过辨析和批评阐述了自己的看法。     

1939—1941年苏德经贸外交及后果

1939年—1941年苏德战争前,苏德两国从各自的战略和利益出发都要求改善两国关系。如何打破自希特勒上台后两国关系的僵局?苏德双方都力图从经贸外交入手。苏德战争前,苏德之间开展的经贸外交使双方的经贸关系异乎寻常地热起来。这种关系对第二次世界大战的爆发和扩大,对苏德双方产生了什么影响,造成了什么后果,我国学对此研究较少。本就这一问题略抒己见。     

苏联援华与皖南事迹不能构成因果关系

1940年半年由于国际形势剧变,日英美等大国从各自利益出发,积极拉莉,苏联加大对华援助等,被蒋视为反共的有利国际条件。对皖南事变发生有一定影响,但不能构成因果关系;特别是苏联援华的动机和效果,更应客观全面地审视,应当看到苏联的援助对中国抗日战争的巨大支持,对蒋介石反共也起了一定的牵制和阻止作用。     

Selected Characteristics of Soviet Foreign Trade and Implications for the Foreign Trade of the Commonwealth of Independent States

This paper provides observations on recent patterns of the Soviet Union's foreign trade in the context of factor endowment trade theory and two models drawn from the new trade theory. Empirical analysis indicates that recent Soviet foreign trade was not based on differing factor intensities between Soviet goods and the those of the rest of the world. Instead, the recent geography of Soviet foreign trade suggests that it conformed more to the trade in differentiated products expected under the new trade theory. These results suggest that Soviet foreign trade had developed in such a way that, at least with respect to merchandise trade, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) has a strong potential for fairly rapid integration within the group of industrial countries.     

Land Evaluation and Regional Pricing in the Soviet Union

The author examines the use of the Lorenz curve and the Florence method for measuring the degree of spatial concentration of industry in a given area, and then develops an index of his own, based on ratio of the industrial output, value of plant, and industrial employment per unit area in a region to the industrial output, value of plant, and industrial employment per unit area in the country (or larger regional entity) as a whole. Findings for the major economic regions and middle-level regions (oblasts, krays, ASSRs) of the RSFSR are shown in the form of tables, graphs and map. A pronounced spread in levels of concentration is found between the European and Asian portions of the RSFSR, with concentration levels in the Central Russian region (at one extreme) and the Soviet Far East (at the other extreme) differing by a factor of 56.     

The Soviet Union and Mosaddeq: A Research Note

Although it is generally accepted that the Soviet Union did not play a significant role in the events leading to the overthrow of Mohammed Mosaddeq in 1953, little has been written about how the Soviets perceived the Iranian leader and the movement he inspired. This article argues that Soviet leaders generally saw Mosaddeq as weak and ill-disposed towards the Soviet Union. The Soviet failure to secure an oil concession in Iran in 1946 and general conservatism about anti-colonial movements during the late Stalin period conditioned their assessment of Mosaddeq's premiership. After Soviet policy towards the Third World changed in the mid-1950s, Mosaddeq's movement was reinterpreted as a genuine “struggle of national liberation.”