60年代初工业支援农业的历史考察

在三年困难时期(1959—1961),由于政策上"左"的失误以及严重自然灾害的破坏,我国农业生产遭遇严重挫折,粮食产量连年大幅减少,给人民生活带来严重影响。为了促进农业生产的恢复,国家提出各行各业支援农业。其中,工业对农业的支援是其中一个重要组成部分。工业支援农业的内容主要有:压缩工业规模,增加生产农机、农具、化肥等。通过工业支援农业,农业生产得到一定程度的恢复。     

下放前夕的"全家福"

刚刚度过1960年的艰苦日子,上面也知道"无农不稳"的道理,发出了"支援农业第一线"的号召,动员城镇居民"自愿申请"到农村去,支援农业生产。当时,我父亲是祁阳一中的教师,母亲     

回乡转业建设军人资助粮粮票及资助粮兑换现金券

新中国成立之时,中央人民政府财政经济非常困难,中共中央号召全党全国人民争取用3年时间(即1950-1952年)实现国家财政经济状况根本好转的目标。在中央人民政府的统一领导下,财政部及中国人民银行配合其他部门,做好稳定金融和物价工作。首先是统一货币发行,为稳定金融和物价提供先决条件;二是打击投机倒把,重新建立市场秩序。国家要实现财政经济状况根本好转,就必须改造和建设。党中央号召广大人民群众积极投入生产,重建自己的家园,同时也对人民解放军进行兵力裁减,以支援工农业生产,支持国民经济的恢复和发展。1950年6月19日,中央人民政府人…     

20世纪60年代初江苏省支援农业述论

20世纪60年代初,为了克服大跃进给农业生产和发展带来的困难,江苏省积极响应中共中央支援农业的号召,采取了一系列政策和措施支援农业:如降低农业税、提高农业品价格和增加农业投入,下放劳动力,调整工业服务方向,加强传统农具的生产和维修,以及加强支农新产品和代替品的研发和推广等,这些政策和措施的实施为江苏省农业的恢复和发展起到了非常重要的作用。     

要做好春耕生产中的文物保护工作

随着农业合作互助组织的大大发展,在广大的农村里显出了一片新的蓬勃气象。农民们在党和政府的正碓领导下都知道这是国家第一个五年计划顺利完成的带有关键性的一年,爱国增产支援解放我国领土台湾的政治任务重大,所以今年春季的生产运动是空前宏大和广泛的。我们     

国家支援西藏发展四十年

国家支援西藏发展四十年周颖西藏和平解放以来,国家从人力、物力、财力等方面给西藏很大的支援,使西藏的各项事业得到快速发展。４０多年来,中央制定了一系列符合西藏实际的正确方针和政策,给予西藏财政补贴、定额补助、各项建设投资和各种专项补助款,累计达３００多...     

新中国成立之初城市职工住宅环境与工人新村建设

新中国建立之初,城市职工住房条件普遍较为恶劣,国家难以短期内拿出巨额资金予以根本解决。各地政府首先能做的,是贯彻市政建设为劳动人民服务的方针,大力改善工人住宅区的环境卫生。职工生产环境和住房条件的改善,在当时的条件下根本上还要依靠国家加强资金投入,不断建造新住宅来解决。随着财政经济的好转和工业生产的恢复,各地政府在财政依然紧张的情况下积极进行职工住宅建设,兴建了一批工人新村,极大地改善了工人的住房条件。随着"一五"计划的实施和国家大规模工业建设的全面展开,职工人数以更加迅猛的势头发展,工人住宅的修建难以赶上工业发展的速度,职工住宅问题面临严峻的形势,从而决定了职工住房问题的严重性和长期性。     

下放前夕的“全家”

刚刚度过1960年的艰苦日子,上面也知道“无农不稳”的道理,发出了“支援农业第一线”的号召,动员城镇居民“自愿申请”到农村去,支援农业生产。[第一段]     

20世纪50年代山西中部土盐户转业的历史考察

发展农业生产是土地改革的直接目的。在山西中部地区,虽经土地改革,但对广布于该区的土盐户来说,分到土地并未使其停止土盐生产,投身农业耕种。为保证国家财政税收(盐业)和促进农业发展,国家采取促使土盐户转业的裁废策略。然而,受区域环境、历史传统、地方经济等多重影响的土盐生产对国家政策的施行造成了一定的影响,在不断调整中,国家政策实施策略经历了从经济手段到政治手段的转变。同时,在这一过程中,对传统农业具有决定意义的自然环境因素逐渐让位于国家意志,成为农户生计选择的次要因素。     

1961～1963年江苏省国民经济调整中的职工和城镇人口精减

1958年的"大跃进"和1959年庐山会议后的继续"跃进",导致了企业职工和城镇人口的急剧膨胀。面对严重的经济困难,江苏省在中共中央、华东局的领导下大幅度精减职工和城镇人口,从1961年1月到1963年7月底,全省有143万城镇人口、77万全民所有制职工被精减回乡或下乡,既支援了农业,又减轻了国家负担,成为江苏省国民经济调整中的一个关键环节。     

农贷与甘肃农村经济的复苏（1935-1945年）

内容提要 20世纪三四十年代,在开发西北和建设抗日后方基地的背景下,国民政府在甘肃推行农贷政策,建立了以新式银行、合作社和合作金库为核心的金融网络,形成了“政府一银行一合作社（合作金库）一农户”的农贷模式。甘肃农贷以1941年为界分为两个阶段,1941年之前以救济农村为主,之后以国民经济建设为主,发放农田水利、农业推广、土地改良、农村副业和畜牧业等贷款,取得了比较好的成效。农贷的发放,使甘肃农业和农村经济总体呈上升趋势,也使抗战时期成为近代以来甘肃农业和农村经济发展状况最好的一个时期。     

China's Nuclear Energy in Light of the Disaster in Japan

An American specialist on Russian agriculture examines that country's agrarian policy, as well as the agricultural sector more generally, one year into the presidency of Dmitriy Medvedev. Focusing on the three key policy issues—state financial support, state intervention in the grain market, and international food trade policy—he assesses the extent to which current policy represents a continuation of that prevailing during the presidency of Vladimir Putin. The author discusses the appointment of a new Agriculture Minister in 2009, which may signal a different approach to the management of the sector, and concludes with an assessment of the impact of the global financial crisis. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F130, Q100, Q170, Q180. 2 tables, 63 references.     

吉林省循环农业发展评价及优化调控研究

在分析循环农业内涵、原则和技术目标的基础上,结合吉林省农业发展现状,建立循环农业发展评价指标体系,运用熵权系数法对1990-2008年吉林省循环农业发展水平进行综合评价。研究结果表明:1990-2008年,吉林省循环农业发展水平不断增强,循环农业演化过程经历了停滞、缓慢提升、快速发展3个阶段,对1990和2008年循环农业发展制约因素和障碍度进行了对比分析。研究发现:2008年吉林省循环农业发展障碍因素依次为资源减量投入、资源循环利用、经济社会发展和资源环境安全。最后,根据评价结果提出了吉林省循环农业发展优化调控对策。     

新时期农业和农村经济结构的战略性调整

新中国成立以来 ,农业和农村的四次战略性结构调整之间都有内在的逻辑联系 ,回顾这四次战略性结构调整 ,可以看到其历史规律性。农业和农村经济结构的战略性调整 ,绝不仅仅是农业产业结构的调整 ,而是涉及生产力、生产关系的方方面面 ,是生产关系的调整 ,是生产力的解放。只有从体制和政策上入手 ,对交织为一个整体的体制和政策问题都进行根本性的、配套式的调整 ,中国的“三农”问题才能从根本上解决     

Whose Wealth Is It Anyway? Mozambique's Outstanding Economic Growth with Worsening Rural Poverty

Despite rapid economic growth and massive inflows of aid, rural poverty in Mozambique is worsening. Agricultural production and productivity have not increased in the last decade. Use of chemical fertilizers and other modern technology is at a low level and decreasing. The present development model emphasizes that the role of government and donors is to provide human capital and infrastructure, while the private sector is responsible for economic development and ending poverty. The most recent national surveys confirm what is being seen elsewhere in Africa — that this non‐interventionist strategy does not raise agricultural productivity or reduce poverty. While 80 per cent of Mozambique's population is engaged in agriculture, this sector contributes only 20 per cent of GDP. This suggests that investments in agriculture are likely to generate pro‐poor growth, both to rural and urban dwellers. This policy failure is increasingly recognized, but donors and government have invested too much political capital in the current policy to change easily.     

China's Quiet Agricultural Revolution: Policy and Programs of the New Millennium

Two specialists on China's agricultural sector review the recent course of agrarian reform in the country since the year 2000. More specifically, they summarize the more significant policy changes occurring during the period 2000-2009 (including the rollout of major new programs and agricultural tax relief) while simultaneously tracking impressive improvements in a variety of standard indicators of agricultural performance and rural per capita incomes across China's province-level units. Among other things, the authors draw contrasts between the current (post-WTO accession) and earlier reform period (1980-1985) in agriculture in terms of level of government direction and commitment to develop the sector for its own sake, outline measures undertaken to address problems with the production of tainted and/or adulterated food products, trace significant spatial "reshufflings" of rice and corn production at the provincial level, and offer possible explanations for the outwardly confounding lack of positive relationships between aggregate value of field crops/total value of all agricultural activities and rural incomes at the provincial level. They argue that renewed (yet underpublicized) government attention to the farm sector since 2000 has helped promote social stability in China by increasing food supplies (thus reducing food price effects on inflation), encouraging more sustainable farming practices, and improving rural environmental quality in many areas.     

延安市农民收入可持续增长机制探析

近年来,延安市农民人均纯收入一直低于全国平均水平,城乡居民收入差距也不断扩大。为改变这一局面,延安市政府实施了生态移民工程,进行了农业产业结构调整。这些措施在一定程度上改善了农民的生活水平,但是,制约农民收入增长的根本性障碍仍然存在。只有促进高附加值农业的可持续发展、鼓励农村剩余劳动力的外出就业和使农村非农产业实现较快发展,才能建立起农民收入的可持续增长机制。     

The political economy of maize production and poverty reduction in Zambia: analysis of the last 50 years

Poverty and food security are endemic issues in much of sub-Saharan Africa. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger in the region remains a key Millennium Development Goal. Many African governments have pursued economic reforms and agricultural policy interventions in order to accelerate economic growth that reduces poverty faster. Agricultural policy regimes in Zambia in the last 50 years (1964–2008) are examined here to better understand their likely impact on food security and poverty, with an emphasis on the political economy of maize subsidy policies. The empirical work draws on secondary sources and an evaluation of farm household data from three villages in the Kasama District of Zambia from 1986/87 and 1992/93 to estimate a two-period econometric model to examine the impact on household welfare in a pre- and post-reform period. The analysis shows that past interventions had mixed effects on enhancing the production of food crops such as maize. While such reforms were politically popular, it did not necessarily translate into household-level productivity or welfare gains in the short term. The political economy of reforms needs to respond to the inherent diversity among the poor rural and urban households. The potential of agriculture to generate a more pro-poor growth process depends on the creation of new market opportunities that most benefit the rural poor. The state should encourage private sector investments for addressing infrastructure constraints to improve market access and accelerate more pro-poor growth through renewed investments in agriculture, rural infrastructure, gender inclusion, smarter subsidies and regional food trade. However, the financing of such investments poses significant challenges. There is a need to address impediments to the effective participation of public private investors to generate more effective poverty reduction and hunger eradication programmes. This article also explores the opportunities for new public–private investments through South–South cooperation and Asia-driven growth for reducing poverty in Zambia.